| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Union (union joint) | 活接頭 |
A threaded pipe fitting that allows two pipes to be connected anddetached without the need for either to be rotated, and without damaging the pipe ends. 一種螺紋管件，允許連接和拆卸兩個管道，而無需旋轉(zhuǎn)任何一個管道，且不會損壞管道端部。 |
| Tightness | 緊密度 |
A measure of the mass leak rate from a gasketed joint. 墊圈接頭質(zhì)量泄漏率的測量值。 |
| Sample standard deviation (s) | 樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差（s） |
The square root of the sample variance. It is a point estimate of the population standard deviation, a measure of the “spread”of the frequency distribution of a population. This value of sprovides a statistic that is used in computing interval estimates and several test statistics. For small sample sizes, s underestimates the population standard deviation. 樣本方差的平方根。它是總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差的點估計，是總體頻率分布“擴散”的度量。SPR的這個值提供了一個用于計算區(qū)間估計和若干測試統(tǒng)計量的統(tǒng)計量。對于小樣本，s低估了總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。 |
| Square thread | 方螺紋 |
A form of screw thread in which the cross–section of the thread forms a square, making the width of the thread equal to the space between the threads. 螺紋的一種形式，螺紋的橫截面形成正方形，使螺紋的寬度等于螺紋之間的間距。 |
| Gibbs–Dalton law | 吉布斯-道爾頓定律 |
An extension of Dalton’s law of additive pressures to include the statement that the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a mixture of gases are equal to the sum of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies the individual constituents would have if each existed alone at the same temperature and volume. Gibbs rule is that part of the law pertaining to entropy. 道爾頓附加壓力定律的擴展，包括以下陳述：氣體混合物的內(nèi)能、焓和熵等于各個成分單獨存在時的內(nèi)能、焓和熵之和。相同的溫度和體積。吉布斯定律是與熵有關(guān)的定律的一部分。 |
| Nominal stress | 名義應(yīng)力 |
The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section by simple elasticity theory without taking into account the effect on the stress produced by stress raisers such as holes, grooves, fillets, etc. 通過簡單彈性理論在凈截面上計算的點處的應(yīng)力，不考慮孔、槽、圓角等應(yīng)力提升器產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力影響。 |
| Dynamic load (Unit N) | 動態(tài)負載（單位N） |
1. Loading of a component or structure by a moving object whose point of application changes with time, e.g. the live load of a train passing over a bridge. 2. A load applied to a particular part of a component or structure in a short time interval. 1. 應(yīng)用點隨時間變化的移動物體對部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的加載，例如通過橋梁的火車的活荷載。2. 在短時間內(nèi)施加到部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的特定部分的載荷。 |
| Taper pins | 圓錐銷 |
A pin or peg of circular cross section that tapers along its length. Steel pins used for locating and holding the machine parts in position on a shaft. 沿其長度逐漸變細的圓形橫截面的銷釘或銷釘。用于在軸上定位和固定機器零件的鋼銷。 |
| Typical basis | 典型基礎(chǔ) |
The typical property value is an average value. No statistical assurance is associated with this basis. 典型的屬性值是平均值。沒有與此基礎(chǔ)相關(guān)的統(tǒng)計保證。 |
| Extensometer | 引伸計 |
An instrument for measuring changes in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in tension testing of metal specimens. Any instrument which measures the change in length of a part as the part is loaded. 一種用于測量在給定標(biāo)距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化，在零件加載時測量零件長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的拉力試驗。 |
| Torque reaction (Unit N.m) | 扭矩反作用力（單位：N.m） |
The torque needed to counteract an applied torque. For example, in a helicopter with a single main rotor, the tendency of the fuselage to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor. 抵消施加扭矩所需的扭矩。例如，在具有單個主旋翼的直升機中，機身沿與旋翼相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢。 |
| Total carbon | 總碳 |
The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. 鐵合金中游離碳和結(jié)合碳（包括溶液中的碳）的總和。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學(xué)會。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度試驗 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校準(zhǔn)機器進行的一種壓痕硬度試驗，在規(guī)定條件下，將具有規(guī)定邊緣角的菱形棱錐金剛石壓頭壓入受試材料表面，并在移除荷載后測量長對角線。其中壓頭是一個細長的菱形棱錐，以平行四邊形的形式給出壓痕，其中較長的對角線約為較短的七倍。用于研究固體材料的各向異性。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷卻盤管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一種簡單的熱交換器，由通常由銅或不銹鋼制成的盤管組成，冷卻劑如制冷劑、冷凍水或與乙二醇混合的水通過盤管循環(huán)。應(yīng)用包括空調(diào)、工藝冷卻和制冷。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 設(shè)計荷載（單位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在正常運行條件下預(yù)期承受的最大負載。 |
| ABS polymer | ABS聚合物 |
A class of thermoplastic co-polymer consisting of the three monomers acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene that has improved properties (particularly toughness) over the individual constituents. 一類由丙烯腈、丁二烯和苯乙烯三種單體組成的熱塑性共聚物，其性能（特別是韌性）優(yōu)于單個成分。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Tension testing | 張力測試 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一種確定材料在單軸載荷下的行為的方法，這種載荷傾向于拉伸金屬。將已知長度和直徑的縱向試樣夾持在兩端，并以緩慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到發(fā)生斷裂。也稱為拉伸測試。 |
| Adhesive strength | 粘合強度 |
The strength of an adhesively bonded joint, usually measured in tension (perpendicular to the plane of the bonded joint) or in shear 粘合接頭的強度，通常以拉伸（垂直于粘合接頭的平面）或剪切測量 |
| Cheese head | 圓柱頭 |
A cylindrical head on a screw or bolt. For driving, it may be slotted, or hexagonally recessed. 螺釘或螺栓上的圓柱頭。為了驅(qū)動，它可以是開槽的，也可以是六角形的。 |
| Thread form | 螺紋形式 |
The cross-sectional shape of the threads, defining thread angle, root, and crest profiles, etc. Thread length Length of that portion of the fastener which contains threads cut or rolled to full depth. 螺紋的橫截面形狀，定義螺紋角度、齒根和齒冠輪廓等。螺紋長度：緊固件中包含全深度切割或軋制螺紋的部分的長度。 |
| Ferritic decarburization | 鐵素體脫碳 |
Decarburization with sufficient loss of carbon to cause a lighter shade of tempered martensite and a significantly lower hardness than that of the adjacent base metal, with the presence of ferrite grains or grain boundary network under metallographic examination. 脫碳，碳損失充分，導(dǎo)致回火馬氏體顏色較淺，硬度明顯低于相鄰母材，金相檢查時存在鐵素體晶粒或晶界網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究所。 |
| Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking (σth) | 應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂閾值應(yīng)力（σth） |
An experimentally determined critical gross-section stress below which stress-corrosion cracking will not occur under specified test conditions. 實驗確定的臨界總截面應(yīng)力，低于該應(yīng)力，在規(guī)定的試驗條件下不會發(fā)生應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Friction materials | 摩擦材料 |
Materials having a high coefficient of friction which, when coupled with a long life, may be employed as brake linings or the facing of the plates of a clutch. 具有高摩擦系數(shù)的材料，當(dāng)與長壽命相結(jié)合時，可用作制動襯片或離合器片的飾面。 |
| Stress amplitude | 應(yīng)力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復(fù)變化應(yīng)力的一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間代數(shù)差的一半。 |
| Positive-displacement flow meter | 容積式流量計 |
An instrument of high accuracy that determines volumetric flow rate by dividing the flowing fluid into successive fixed volumes, and measuring their times of passage through the meter. 一種高精度儀器，通過將流動的流體分成連續(xù)的固定體積并測量其通過流量計的時間來確定體積流量。 |
| Nominal power (Unit kW) | 公稱功率（單位kW） |
1. For an internal combustion engine, the average power output of a typical production engine under normal working conditions measured according to SAE standard J 1349/ISO 1585. 2. For an electric motor, the rated equivalent mechanical power output. 1.對于內(nèi)燃機，根據(jù)SAE標(biāo)準(zhǔn)J 1349/ISO 1585測量的正常工作條件下典型生產(chǎn)發(fā)動機的平均功率輸出。2.對于電動機，額定等效機械功率輸出。 |
| Stress cracking | 應(yīng)力開裂 |
A family of failure modes, each of which involves high stress and chemical action. The family includes Hydrogen embrittlement, Stress corrosion cracking, stress embrittlement, and hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion. 一系列失效模式，每種模式都涉及高應(yīng)力和化學(xué)作用。該系列包括氫脆、應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂、應(yīng)力脆化和氫輔助應(yīng)力腐蝕。 |
| Free joint | 萬向節(jié) |
The joint on a robot arm and wrist that causes the greatest end-effector movement when a specified force is applied to the end effector, i.e. that has the lowest stiffness with regard to the force. 機器人手臂和手腕上的關(guān)節(jié)，當(dāng)指定的力施加到末端執(zhí)行器時，會導(dǎo)致末端執(zhí)行器的最大運動，即相對于力具有最低剛度。 |
| Available head (Unit m) | 可用水頭（單位米） |
In a hydroelectric power system, the difference between the vertical height of the water level in the supply reservoir above the turbine inlet less the head loss due to friction and fittings in the duct leading to the turbine. 在水力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中，水輪機入口上方供水水庫中水位垂直高度之間的差減去由于通向渦輪機的管道中的摩擦和配件造成的水頭損失。 |
| Hardenability | 淬透性 |
Defined as the ability of a ferrous material to acquire hardness after austenitization and quenching. The relative ability of a ferrous alloy to form martensite when quenched from a temperature above the upper critical temperature. Hardenability is commonly measured as the distance below a quenched surface where the metal exhibits a specific hardness (50 HRC, for example) or a specific percentage of martensite in the microstructure. 定義為黑色金屬材料在奧氏體化和淬火后獲得硬度的能力。鐵合金從高于上臨界溫度的溫度淬火時形成馬氏體的相對能力。淬透性通常以淬火表面下方的距離來測量，金屬在淬火表面處表現(xiàn)出特定硬度（例如50HRC）或微觀結(jié)構(gòu)中馬氏體的特定百分比。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆時針旋轉(zhuǎn)時前進的螺釘。 |
| Tracking problem | 跟蹤問題 |
A control problem where the set point changes with time and thus the plant output must follow the changing set point. The opposite of a regulator problem. 一種控制問題，其中設(shè)定值隨時間變化，因此設(shè)備輸出必須遵循變化的設(shè)定值。與調(diào)節(jié)器問題相反。 |
| Pressure storage tank | 壓力貯存器 |
(pressure vessel) A closed container for storing gases or volatile liquids, such as liquefied gases, at pressures significantly above atmospheric pressure. Such tanks are commonly cylindrical with domed ends, spherical, spheroidal, torispherical or hemispherical. （壓力容器）密閉容器：在大氣壓以上的壓力下儲存氣體或揮發(fā)性液體，如液化氣體的密閉容器。此類貯存器通常為圓柱形，具有半球形端部、球形、球面或半球形。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗壓強度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能夠產(chǎn)生的最大壓縮應(yīng)力。如果脆性材料因破裂而無法壓縮，則抗壓強度具有一定值。對于韌性、可鍛性或半粘性材料（不會因破裂而導(dǎo)致壓縮失效），獲得的抗壓強度值是一個任意值，取決于被視為材料有效失效的變形程度。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 為改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影響非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范圍，或?qū)е滦孪嗟某霈F(xiàn)，或兩者兼而有之。此外，合金元素強烈影響相變動力學(xué)，從而影響合金材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)形成。 |
| Specimen | 樣品 |
A test object, often of standard dimensions or configuration, that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens may be cut from each unit of a sample. 用于破壞性或無損檢測的測試對象，通常具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸或配置。可以從樣品的每個單位切割一個或多個樣品。 |
| Profile | 輪廓 |
The shape of a cross section of an object, such as an aerofoil or cam. 物體的橫截面形狀，如機翼或凸輪。 |
| Standardization | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.關(guān)于設(shè)計、制造、材料、性能、慣例、要求、強度等的國家和國際協(xié)議，確保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能產(chǎn)生共同結(jié)果。2.部件的制造，以便在裝配新部件或維修舊部件時，無需“裝配”即可實現(xiàn)部件的互換性。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光燒結(jié) |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一種制造技術(shù)，通過這種制造技術(shù)，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金屬（直接金屬激光燒結(jié)，DMLS）材料逐層（每個厚度通常為 20 微米）構(gòu)建，每一層都由掃描激光燒結(jié)。 |
| Curie temperature | 居里溫度 |
The temperature of magnetic transformation below which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic. 磁性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度，低于此溫度金屬或合金為鐵磁性，高于此溫度則為順磁性。 |
| Hot strength (Unit Pa) | 熱強度（單位Pa） |
The yield stress (or sometimes fracture stress) of a material at temperatures above about half its melting point in kelvins. 材料在高于其熔點一半（以開爾文為單位）的溫度下的屈服應(yīng)力（有時為斷裂應(yīng)力）。 |
| Shim | 墊片 |
A thin piece of material, such as metal of accurately-known thickness, placed between two surfaces to ensure they are the correct distance apart. A thin piece of material placed between two surfaces to obtain a proper fit, adjustment, or alignment. The piece can also be analyzed to measure furnace carbon potential (that is, because while in the furnace it will quickly carburize to a level equal to the furnace carbon potential). 一塊薄的材料，如厚度精確已知的金屬，放置在兩個表面之間，以確保它們之間的距離正確。放置在兩個表面之間以獲得適當(dāng)配合、調(diào)整或?qū)R的一塊薄材料。還可以對工件進行分析，以測量熔爐碳勢（也就是說，在熔爐中，工件將快速滲碳至與熔爐碳勢能相等的水平）。 |
| Wallner lines | Wallner線 |
A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines, usually producing a set of V-shaped lines, sometimes observed when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations. 一組相交的平行線的獨特圖案，通常產(chǎn)生一組V形線，有時在電子顯微鏡下高倍觀察脆性斷裂表面時觀察到。Wallner線歸因于高速傳播的沖擊波和脆性裂紋前沿之間的相互作用。有時Wallner線被誤解為疲勞條紋。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 應(yīng)力松弛曲線 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 應(yīng)力松弛試驗中剩余應(yīng)力或松弛應(yīng)力隨時間變化的曲線圖。松弛應(yīng)力等于初始應(yīng)力減去剩余應(yīng)力。也稱為應(yīng)力-時間曲線。 |
| Compression test | 壓縮測試 |
A method for assessing the ability of a material to withstand compressive loads. The determination of the stress–strain curve of a material by axial loading of a specimen in compression. In brittle materials failure is in the elastic range; more ductile materials will yield before fracture; very ductile materials will plastically deform extensively before failure. The compression strength (compressive strength), with unit Pa, is the compressive stress that causes failure in a component or structure. 一種評估材料承受壓縮載荷能力的方法。通過壓縮試樣的軸向載荷確定材料的應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線。在脆性材料中，破壞在彈性范圍內(nèi)；韌性更強的材料在斷裂前會屈服；韌性很強的材料在失效前會發(fā)生廣泛的塑性變形。抗壓強度（抗壓強度），單位為Pa，是導(dǎo)致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)失效的壓應(yīng)力。 |
| Zirconia-toughened alumina composites | 氧化鋯增韌氧化鋁復(fù)合材料 |
(ZTA composites) Ceramic composites based on aluminium oxide to which zirconium oxide is added, resulting in improved fracture toughness. （ZTA復(fù)合材料）基于氧化鋁的陶瓷復(fù)合材料，其中添加了氧化鋯，從而提高了斷裂韌性。 |
| Transverse strain | 橫向應(yīng)變 |
Linear strain in a plane perpendicular to the loading axis of a specimen. 垂直于試樣加載軸的平面內(nèi)的線性應(yīng)變。 |
| Turning | 車削 |
Turning is a machining process for generating external surfaces of revolution by the action of a cutting tool on a rotating workpiece, usually in a lathe. The rotation of a workpiece held against a cutting tool in a lathe to produce components with a circular cross section. 車削是一種機械加工過程，通常在車床上，通過刀具對旋轉(zhuǎn)工件的作用產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)外表面。在車床中，工件靠著刀具旋轉(zhuǎn)，以生產(chǎn)具有圓形橫截面的部件。 |
| Press quenching | 壓淬 |
A quench in which hot dies are pressed and aligned with a part before the quenching process begins. Then the part is placed in contact with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. This process avoids part distortion. 一種淬火方法，在淬火過程開始之前，熱模具被壓制并與零件對齊。然后將零件以受控方式放置在與淬火介質(zhì)接觸的位置。該過程避免了零件變形。 |
| Maximum material condition | 最大材料條件 |
(maximum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the upper limit for all toleranced external dimensions, and to the lower limit for all internal dimensions. （最大金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應(yīng)于所有公差外部尺寸的上限和所有內(nèi)部尺寸的下限的情況。 |
| Absorptance | 吸收率 |
(absorptivity, absorption coefficient, α) The fraction of radiant flux incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. The term also applies to absorption of radiation by a volume of fluid. For a semi-transparent surface, α + ρ + τ = 1, where ρ is the reflectance and τ is the transmittance. （吸收率，吸收系數(shù)，α）入射到表面的輻射通量被表面吸收的部分。該術(shù)語也適用于一定體積的流體對輻射的吸收。對于半透明表面，α+ρ+τ=1，其中ρ是反射率，τ是透射率。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 彈性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金屬的剛度或剛度的量度；低于比例極限的應(yīng)力與相應(yīng)應(yīng)變之比。根據(jù)應(yīng)力應(yīng)變圖，彈性模量是應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線在應(yīng)力應(yīng)變線性比例范圍內(nèi)的斜率。 |
| Centigrade heat unit | 攝氏熱量單位 |
(Celsius heat unit, CHU) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit equal to the energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of pure, air-free water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at a pressure of one standard atmosphere. （攝氏熱量單位，CHU）一個已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）單位，等于在一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓的壓力下將一磅純凈的無空氣水的溫度從14.5°C提高到15.5°C所需的能量. |
| Stainless steels | 不銹鋼 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在許多環(huán)境中具有高度耐腐蝕性的鐵基合金。主要的合金元素是鉻，與室溫下的鐵一樣，鉻具有BCC晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。鈍化抗腐蝕性是通過在鋼表面形成氧化鉻來實現(xiàn)的。具有FCC晶體結(jié)構(gòu)的鎳是某些鋼的另一種重要添加劑。其他用于增強性能的添加劑包括錳、鉬、鈮和鈦。不銹鋼的種類有好幾種。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸標(biāo)注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程圖紙上對部件每個特征的尺寸（例如長度、半徑、角度或間距）和相對位置（例如角位置）的規(guī)范。數(shù)值通常包括公差。尺寸不應(yīng)超過制造組件所需的尺寸。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 燒結(jié) |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一種固態(tài)擴散致密化工藝，用于從粉末、粒狀、網(wǎng)狀、穿孔片或纖維形式的原材料中生產(chǎn)物體，尤其是多孔物體，方法是加熱至低于熔點的溫度，直到成分結(jié)合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金屬。燒結(jié)材料的應(yīng)用包括過濾、分離、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化溫度的高溫下加熱時，通過分子或原子引力將大量顆粒的相鄰表面結(jié)合起來。燒結(jié)增強了粉末質(zhì)量，通常會產(chǎn)生致密化，在粉末金屬中還會產(chǎn)生再結(jié)晶。 |
| Countersinking | 埋頭孔 |
The flaring out of the rim of a drilled hole to form a truncated conical depression to receive a screw having a conical head, thus giving a flush fitting. 從鉆孔的邊緣向外張開以形成截錐形凹陷，以容納具有錐形頭的螺釘，從而提供齊平的配件。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導(dǎo)致已知長度的現(xiàn)有裂紋擴展并因此導(dǎo)致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂的施加荷載。2.導(dǎo)致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Fitted bolt | 裝配螺栓 |
A bolt with a plain unthreaded portion immediately beneath the head. 一種螺栓，其頭部正下方有一個普通的無螺紋部分。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查爾斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （蓋-呂薩克定律）在恒定壓力下，固定質(zhì)量氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。恒壓下氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數(shù) |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當(dāng)控制系統(tǒng)的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時，輸出信號在穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數(shù)的穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Tap wrench | 螺絲攻扳手 |
A lever with an adjustable square hole at its centre into which is fitted the shank of a tap so that torque can be applied to cut a thread. 一種杠桿，其中心有一個可調(diào)節(jié)的方孔，絲錐柄安裝在該孔中，以便施加扭矩以切斷螺紋。 |
| Vapour | 蒸氣 |
The gas-like phase of a substance at a temperature below its critical point. A vapour can be condensed to a liquid or a solid by increasing its pressure or reducing its temperature. 溫度低于臨界點的物質(zhì)的類氣相。蒸汽可以通過增加壓力或降低溫度冷凝成液體或固體。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太陽能發(fā)電廠（CSP發(fā)電廠） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用鏡子或透鏡集中太陽輻射的發(fā)電廠，通常使用拋物面槽鏡，將太陽輻射沿著槽的焦線聚焦到接收管上。在另一種布置中，由安裝在塔上的太陽能接收器加熱的熔鹽通過蒸汽發(fā)生器循環(huán)。 |
| Design stress (Unit Pa) | 設(shè)計應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The greatest allowable stress in a component or structure that will not result in failure under normal operating conditions. 在正常操作條件下不會導(dǎo)致失效的部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中的最大許用應(yīng)力。 |
| Pulley | 帶輪 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 軸上的自由輪或從動輪，具有適當(dāng)形狀的輪緣，以承載平皮帶、V形皮帶、槽口皮帶、繩索或鏈條。用于傳遞動力或運動。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干結(jié)構(gòu) |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一個術(shù)語，用于表示湍流剪切流的較大渦流，例如邊界層、射流和尾流，它們顯示出獨特的相關(guān)運動模式。 |
| Carbon restoration | 碳修復(fù) |
Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Sometimes called recarburizing. 通過將該層滲碳到基本上原始的碳水平來替換先前處理中在表面層中損失的碳。有時稱為再碳化。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋給料機 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一種用于處理散裝物料的機構(gòu)，其中旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿使物料軸向向前移動。類似于螺旋輸送機，但需要以受控速率非常精確地排出物料。它在螺桿完全充滿的情況下運行。 |
| Wear rate | 磨損率 |
The rate of material removal or dimensional change due to wear per unit of exposure parameter—for example, quantity of material removed(mass, volume, thickness) in unit distance of sliding or unit time. 由于單位暴露參數(shù)的磨損而導(dǎo)致的材料去除率或尺寸變化，例如，單位滑動距離或單位時間內(nèi)去除的材料數(shù)量（質(zhì)量、體積、厚度）。 |
| Manometer | 壓力計 |
An instrument used in the measurement of a pressure difference in a fluid (manometry). 用于測量流體壓力差（測壓）的儀器。 |
| Diaphragm meter | 隔膜計 |
A dry flow meter in which there are two or more interconnected chambers, each having a diaphragm in the wall. The chambers empty and fill alternately and the flow rate of gas is determined from the movement of diaphragms. Diaphragm meters are commonly used to monitor domestic and commercial gas supply. 一種干式流量計，其中有兩個或多個相互連接的腔室，每個腔室的壁上都有一個隔膜。腔室交替排空和填充，氣體流速由隔膜的移動確定。隔膜流量計通常用于監(jiān)測家用和商用燃氣供應(yīng)。 |
| Heat-capacity rate (c) (Unit W/K) | 熱容率（c）（單位W/K） |
For fluid flow in a duct with mass flow rate ?, the product ?C where C is the specific-heat capacity, at constant pressure (CP) in the case of a gas. 對于質(zhì)量流量為?的管道中的流體流動，乘積?C其中C是比熱容，在氣體的情況下為恒定壓力（CP）。 |
| Normal stress (Unit N) | 法向應(yīng)力（單位：N） |
The stress component perpendicular to a plane on which forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile stress or compressive stress. A stress in a fluid (such as pressure) or a solid, that is perpendicular to the surface on which it acts. The surface may be a real external surface or an imaginary internal one. 垂直于受力平面的應(yīng)力分量。法向應(yīng)力可以是拉應(yīng)力或壓應(yīng)力。流體（如壓力）或固體中垂直于其作用表面的應(yīng)力。該表面可以是真實的外表面或假想的內(nèi)表面。 |
| Push rod | 推桿 |
A rod which opens and closes a valve via a valve rocker in an overhead-valve piston engine. The rod is actuated by a camshaft located in the crankcase. 在頂置氣門活塞發(fā)動機中，通過氣門搖臂打開和關(guān)閉氣門的桿。連桿由曲軸箱中的凸輪軸驅(qū)動。 |
| Eutectic melting | 共晶熔化 |
Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system. 局部微觀區(qū)域的熔化，其成分對應(yīng)于系統(tǒng)中的共晶成分。 |
| Dislocation density | 位錯密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每單位體積的位錯線的總長度，或穿過單位橫截面積的位錯線的數(shù)量。 |
| Total combustion air (Unit kg/s) | 總?cè)紵諝猓▎挝唬簁g/s） |
1. The combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. The flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃燒所需的化學(xué)計量空氣流與任何過量空氣的組合。2.進入鍋爐的新鮮空氣流加上再循環(huán)的任何煙氣。 |
| Athermal transformation | 非熱變化 |
A reaction that proceeds without benefit of thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time. 在沒有熱波動的情況下進行的反應(yīng)；也就是說，不需要熱激活。相反，在恒溫下發(fā)生的反應(yīng)是等溫轉(zhuǎn)變。在這種情況下，熱活化是必要的，并且反應(yīng)作為時間的函數(shù)進行。 |
| Yielding | 屈服 |
Evidence of plastic deformation in structural materials. Also known as plastic flow or creep. 結(jié)構(gòu)材料塑性變形的證據(jù)。也稱為塑性流動或蠕變。 |
| Screw thread | 螺紋 |
A ridge of uniform section or shape in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder, or in the form of a conical spiral on the external or internal surface of a cone. 在圓柱體的外表面或內(nèi)表面上呈螺旋形或在圓錐體的外表面和內(nèi)表面上以錐形螺旋形的均勻截面或形狀的脊。 |
| Double tempering | 雙回火 |
A treatment in which a quench-hardened ferrous metal is subjected to two complete tempering cycles, usually at substantially the same temperature, for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resulting microstructure. 一種處理，其中淬火硬化的黑色金屬經(jīng)過兩個完整的回火循環(huán)，通常在基本相同的溫度下，以確保完成回火反應(yīng)并提高所得微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性。 |
| Cold die quenching | 冷模淬火 |
A quench utilizing cold, flat, or shaped dies to extract heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive, and is limited to smaller parts with large surface areas. 利用冷、平或成型模具從零件中提取熱量的淬火。冷模淬火速度慢、成本高，并且僅限于表面積較大的較小零件。 |
| Ductile cast iron | 球墨鑄鐵 |
A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and SG iron. 一種鑄鐵，在熔融時用鎂或鈰等元素進行處理，以誘導(dǎo)游離石墨形成為球粒或球晶，從而賦予鑄造金屬可測量的延展性。又稱球墨鑄鐵、球晶石墨鑄鐵和SG鑄鐵。 |
| Fatigue wear | 疲勞磨損 |
Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue. 由材料疲勞引起的斷裂引起的固體表面磨損。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個或多個在外殼內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋轉(zhuǎn)子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Vent | 發(fā)泄 |
A small valve that allows the release of pressurized fluid from a pipe, pressure vessel, etc., often to the atmosphere. 一種小閥門，允許將加壓流體從管道、壓力容器等中釋放到大氣中。 |
| Catastrophic failure | 災(zāi)難性故障 |
A sudden and total failure of a large engineering structure such as an aeroengine, aircraft, space vehicle, bridge, or dam. 大型工程結(jié)構(gòu)（如航空發(fā)動機、飛機、航天器、橋梁或水壩）突然完全失效。 |
| Minimum stress (Smin) | 最小應(yīng)力（Smin） |
In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic value in the cycle, tensile stress being considered positive and compressive stress negative. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中代數(shù)值最低的應(yīng)力，拉應(yīng)力被視為正應(yīng)力，壓應(yīng)力為負應(yīng)力。 |
| Machine | 機器 |
A mechanism that transmits power in the performance of a useful task. More than one machine in one place, either connected or performing separate functions, is termed machinery. 在執(zhí)行有用任務(wù)時傳遞能量的機制。一個地方有一臺以上的連接或執(zhí)行單獨的功能，稱為機器。 |
| Grain-boundary liquation | 晶界液化 |
An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. 奧氏體晶界區(qū)域的材料熔化的過熱階段。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Stress ratio (A or R) | 應(yīng)力比（A或R） |
The algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are the ratio of the alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress, A = Sa/Sm, and the ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress, R = Smin/Smax. 應(yīng)力循環(huán)中兩個指定應(yīng)力值的代數(shù)比。兩種常用的應(yīng)力比是交變應(yīng)力振幅與平均應(yīng)力之比，A=Sa/Sm，以及最小應(yīng)力與最大應(yīng)力之比R=Smin/Smax。 |
| Degradation failure | 退化失效 |
Failure of a system, component, or structure owing to material degradation. 由于材料退化導(dǎo)致的系統(tǒng)、組件或結(jié)構(gòu)失效。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金屬在遠低于其再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下通過軋制（冷軋）、拉拔、鍛造（冷鍛）等方式發(fā)生塑性變形，這不僅會導(dǎo)致永久的形狀變化，還會增加強度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Precipitation heat treatment | 沉淀熱處理 |
Artificial aging in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. 成分從過飽和固溶體沉淀的人工時效。 |
| Kilogram (kg) | 千克（kg） |
The base unit of mass in the SI system. It was previously defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram, a right cylinder of height and diameter 39.17 mm made of an alloy of 90% (by mass) platinum and 10% iridium. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 150 × 10?34?when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg.m2.s. 國際單位制中的基本質(zhì)量單位。它以前被定義為等于國際原型千克的質(zhì)量，一個高度和直徑為39.17毫米的右圓柱體，由90%（質(zhì)量）的鉑和10%的銥合金制成。從2019年5月20日起，普朗克常數(shù)h的固定數(shù)值被定義為6.626070150×10?34當(dāng)以單位J.s表示時，和kg.m2.s一樣。 |
| Vice | 老虎鉗 |
A workshop tool used to hold a workpiece and consisting of two jaws, one fixed and the other moved by turning a screw. 一種用于夾持工件的車間工具，由兩個鉗口組成，一個固定，另一個通過轉(zhuǎn)動螺釘移動。 |
| Cap nut | 蓋型螺母 |
A nut with a blind threaded hole, for example a dome nut to cover the end of a bolt. 帶有盲螺紋孔的螺母，例如用于覆蓋螺栓末端的圓頂螺母。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切應(yīng)變 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角變化的切線，作為對力的響應(yīng)，在兩條原本通過物體中的一個點相互垂直的線之間。也稱為剪切應(yīng)變。 |
| Valve | 閥門 |
Any of various manual or automatic devices that are able to initiate, regulate, or stop the flow of a fluid through a conduit or from a closed container. 任何一種手動或自動裝置，能夠啟動、調(diào)節(jié)或停止通過導(dǎo)管或封閉容器的流體流動。 |
| Compression failure | 壓縮失敗 |
The reduction or removal of a component’s load-bearing capacity in compression, caused by buckling, fracture, crease formation in fibre composites, etc. 由纖維復(fù)合材料中的屈曲、斷裂、折痕形成等引起的部件在壓縮中的承載能力的降低或消除。 |
| U-bolt | U型螺栓 |
A rod threaded at both ends and bent into a U-shape. It is used for clamping. An externally threaded fastener bent in the shape of the letter U and with both ends threaded. 兩端有螺紋并彎曲成U形的桿。用于夾緊。一種外螺紋緊固件，彎曲成字母U的形狀，兩端帶有螺紋。 |
| Strength of bolt | 螺栓強度 |
An ambiguous term which can mean Ultimate strength or Proof load or Endurance limit or Yield strength. 一個模棱兩可的術(shù)語，可表示極限強度或驗證荷載或耐久極限或屈服強度。 |
| Screw conveyor | 螺旋輸送機 |
(auger, spiral conveyor, worm conveyor) A machine for bulk handling of semi-solid materials, consisting of a helical screw which rotates in a trough or casing. （螺旋輸送機、螺旋輸送機、蝸桿輸送機）一種用于散裝搬運半固態(tài)材料的機器，由在槽或外殼中旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿組成。 |
| Force ratio | 力比 |
The factor by which a simple machine multiplies an applied force. It is the ratio of the load (output force) to the effort (input force). 簡單機器乘以所施加的力的因子。它是負載（輸出力）與作用力（輸入力）的比值。 |
| Stress area | 應(yīng)力面積 |
The effective cross-sectional area of the threaded section of a fastener. Used to compute average stress levels in that section. Based on the mean of pitch and minor diameters. 緊固件螺紋部分的有效橫截面積。用于計算該截面中的平均應(yīng)力水平。基于節(jié)距和小直徑的平均值。 |
| Lock nut | 鎖緊螺母 |
A type of nut that is prevented from loosening under vibration. The locking action is accomplished by squeezing, gripping or jamming against the bolt threads. A nut which provides extra resistance to vibration loosening (beyond that produced by proper Preload ), either by providing some form of Prevailing torque, or, in free-spinning lock nuts, by deforming, cramping, or biting into mating parts when fully tightened. 1. A thin auxiliary nut tightened against another nut to prevent loosening. 2. A single nut with special features that prevent loosening. 一種在振動下防止松動的螺母。鎖定動作通過擠壓、夾緊或卡住螺栓螺紋來完成。通過提供某種形式的主要扭矩，或在自由旋轉(zhuǎn)鎖緊螺母中，通過完全擰緊時變形、夾緊或咬入配合零件，提供額外的抗振動松動能力（超出適當(dāng)預(yù)載產(chǎn)生的能力）。1.一個薄的輔助螺母，擰緊到另一個螺母上以防止松動。2.具有防止松動的特殊功能的單個螺母。 |
| Captive nut | 松脫螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脫地或剛性地連接到薄板構(gòu)件上的螺母，該螺母太薄而無法擰入，并與帶帽螺釘接合。 |
| Solution heat treatment | 固溶熱處理 |
Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. 將合金加熱到合適的溫度，在該溫度下保持足夠長的時間以使一種或多種成分進入固溶體，然后快速冷卻以將這些成分保持在溶液中。 |
| Yield strength | 屈服強度 |
That stress level which will create a permanent deformation of 0.2% or 0.5% or some other small, preselected, amount in a body.? Approximately equal to the elastic and proportional limits of the material; a little higher than the proof strength of a bolt. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. 該應(yīng)力水平將在物體中產(chǎn)生0.2%或0.5%的永久變形，或其他一些小的、預(yù)先選定的量。近似等于材料的彈性和比例極限；略高于螺栓的強度。材料表現(xiàn)出與應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變比例的特定偏差的應(yīng)力。許多金屬使用0.2%的偏移量。 |
| Absolute value error | 絕對值誤差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 關(guān)于代數(shù)符號的誤差幅度，或者，對于矢量誤差，不考慮其函數(shù)。 |
| Spring materials | 彈簧材料 |
Mainly metals including plain-carbon and corrosion-resisting steels, phosphor bronze, spring brass, beryllium copper and nickel alloys, all of which in their workhardened states permit large reversible elastic strains without permanent deformation. 主要是金屬，包括普通碳鋼和耐腐蝕鋼、磷青銅、彈簧黃銅、鈹銅和鎳合金，所有這些金屬在其加工硬化狀態(tài)下都允許大的可逆彈性應(yīng)變而不會產(chǎn)生永久變形。 |
| Notch ductility | 缺口延展性 |
The percentage reduction in area after complete separation of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen. 在缺口試樣的拉伸試驗中，金屬完全分離后的面積減少百分比。 |
| Grip length | 夾緊長度 |
Combined thickness of all the things clamped together by the bolt and nut, including washers, gaskets, and joint members. 由螺栓和螺母夾緊在一起的所有部件的總厚度，包括墊圈、墊圈和接頭構(gòu)件。 |
| Fracture surface | 斷裂面 |
The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken. 一塊金屬破碎時產(chǎn)生的不規(guī)則表面。 |
| Crossed threads | 交叉螺紋 |
When the axis of a nut offered up to a bolt is not aligned with the axis of a bolt (or a screw to a threaded member), it may be possible for the threads to engage incorrectly and even for the nut or screw to advance a turn or more, but ultimately the misaligned threads become locked together. Forcing the nut in such circumstances may irretrievably damage the threads on both. 當(dāng)提供給螺栓的螺母的軸線與螺栓（或螺紋構(gòu)件的螺釘）的軸線不對齊時，螺紋可能會錯誤接合，甚至螺母或螺釘會提前一圈或更多，但最終未對齊的螺紋會鎖定在一起。在這種情況下強行擰入螺母可能會對兩側(cè)的螺紋造成無法修復(fù)的損壞。 |
| Tooth lock washers | 帶齒鎖緊墊圈 |
These washers serve to lock fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, to the component parts of an assembly, or increase the friction between the fasteners and the assembly. They are designated in a manner similar to helical spring lock washers, and are available in carbon steel. 這些墊圈用于將緊固件（如螺栓和螺母）鎖定到組件的零部件上，或增加緊固件與組件之間的摩擦力。它們的設(shè)計方式類似于螺旋彈簧鎖緊墊圈，可采用碳鋼。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 對于低于材料比例極限的剪切應(yīng)力，剪切應(yīng)力與相應(yīng)剪切應(yīng)變之比。剪切模量值通常通過扭轉(zhuǎn)試驗確定。也稱為剛度模量。 |
| Stud | 螺柱 |
A rod having thread on both ends. A headless threaded fastener, threaded on both ends, with an unthreaded body in the middle section, or threaded from end to end. Used with two nuts, or with one nut and a tapped hole. A plain cylindrical piece having a threaded portion of suitable length at each end or a continuous thread over the entire length. One end is screwed into a machine or workpiece after which a second part is placed over the stud and held in place by a nut. 兩端都有螺紋的桿。無頭螺紋緊固件，兩端有螺紋，中間部分有無螺紋主體，或從一端到另一端有螺紋。與兩個螺母或一個螺母和一個螺紋孔一起使用。一種普通的圓柱形部件，其兩端具有適當(dāng)長度的螺紋部分，或在整個長度上具有連續(xù)螺紋。一端擰入機器或工件，然后將第二部分放在螺柱上，并用螺母固定到位。 |
| Belt drive | 帶傳動 |
Transmission of motion from one shaft to another by means of a continuous plain, or toothed, flexible band (belt) passing over pulleys. In contrast to chain drives, belt drives tend to be employed in low-torque applications. Reduction in transmissible power may occur due to stretch of a plain transmission belt which results in slack in the drive (belt creep) or slip of a belt on a driving or driven pulley (belt slip). 通過穿過滑輪的連續(xù)平帶或帶齒柔性帶（帶）將運動從一根軸傳遞到另一根軸。與鏈條傳動相比，皮帶傳動往往用于低扭矩應(yīng)用。由于普通傳動帶的拉伸可能會導(dǎo)致傳動松弛（皮帶蠕變）或主動或從動皮帶輪上的皮帶打滑（皮帶打滑），從而導(dǎo)致傳動功率降低。 |
| Longitudinal direction | 縱向 |
The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. See also normal direction and transverse direction. 加工金屬中的主要流動方向。另請參見法向和橫向。 |
| Cavitation | 空蝕空化 |
The formation of vapour- or gas-filled cavities in a liquid due to reduction of the local pressure, often due to acceleration of the fluid, such as in flow through a convergent nozzle. If there is no dissolved gas in the liquid, vaporous cavitation occurs when the pressure falls below the saturated vapour pressure. If the bubbles are formed due to high temperature, the process is termed boiling. If there is dissolved gas, gaseous cavitation occurs due to pressure reduction, temperature increase, or diffusion (degassing). At the tips of marine propellers and in hydraulic machinery, the collapse of cavitation bubbles can cause noise and vibration and lead to surface damage in the form of pitting. 由于局部壓力降低而在液體中形成充滿蒸汽或氣體的空腔，通常原因是流體的加速，例如收斂噴嘴的流動。如果液體中沒有溶解氣體，當(dāng)壓力降至飽和蒸汽壓力以下時，會發(fā)生蒸汽空化。如果氣泡是由于高溫形成的，則該過程稱為沸騰。如果存在溶解氣體，則由于壓力降低、溫度升高或擴散（脫氣），會發(fā)生氣穴。在船用螺旋槳尖端和液壓機械中，空化氣泡的破裂可能會引起噪音和振動，并導(dǎo)致以點蝕形式出現(xiàn)的表面損壞。 |
| Shear strain rate(Unit 1/s) | 剪切應(yīng)變率（單位1/s） |
In the deformation of solids, the rate at which shear strain is applied in a test or changes with time in a loaded component or structure. 在固體變形中，在試驗中施加剪切應(yīng)變的速率，或在加載部件或結(jié)構(gòu)中隨時間變化的速率。 |
| Balancing machine | 平衡機 |
A device that assesses the state of static and dynamic balance of a rotating part, and indicates the magnitude and location of weights to be added to give balance. 一種裝置，用于評估旋轉(zhuǎn)部件的靜態(tài)和動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)，并指示為獲得平衡而添加的砝碼的大小和位置。 |
| Secondary stresses (Unit Pa) | 二次應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
Stresses different from those induced by the major loading but nevertheless resulting from the major loads; for example, the hoop stresses that occur around the circumference of barrelled compression testpieces and forgings. 與主要荷載引起的應(yīng)力不同，但主要荷載產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力；例如，桶裝壓縮試件和鍛件周圍產(chǎn)生的環(huán)向應(yīng)力。 |
| Engine emissions | 發(fā)動機排放 |
(exhaust emissions) The pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine. （廢氣排放）內(nèi)燃機廢氣中所含的污染物。 |
| Aspect ratio | 縱橫比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形狀或物體的最長與最短尺寸之比，例如機翼的弦厚比或機翼的翼展弦比。 |
| International System of Units | 國際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國除外，在科學(xué)和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位制。SI的最終參考是國際度量衡局出版的小冊子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊子。有七個基本單位：米（符號m）表示長度；質(zhì)量為千克（kg）；物質(zhì)量的摩爾（mol）；時間為秒；開爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發(fā)光強度。新的國際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數(shù)（也稱為基本物理常數(shù)：阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)、玻爾茲曼常數(shù)和普朗克常數(shù)）。這些常數(shù)的值也進行了少量調(diào)整。除了基本單位外，還有22個相干導(dǎo)出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全損耗潤滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 內(nèi)燃機潤滑油與燃料一起燃燒的系統(tǒng)。 |
| Quarter hard | （1/4H）低硬（回火） |
A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength aboutmidway between that of dead soft and half hard tempers. 非鐵合金和某些鐵合金的一種回火，其特點是抗拉強度介于軟態(tài)和半硬態(tài)之間。 |
| Vertical engine | 立式發(fā)動機 |
A piston engine having the cylinders above the crankshaft. 氣缸位于曲軸上方的活塞發(fā)動機。 |
| Load ratio, R | 負載比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲勞中，疲勞循環(huán)中最小載荷與最大載荷的代數(shù)比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也稱為應(yīng)力比。 |
| Compression member | 壓縮構(gòu)件 |
A structural component, the major loading on which is compressive. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)部件，其上的主要載荷是壓縮的。 |
| Heat capacity (C) (Unit J/K) | 熱容量（C）（單位J/K） |
The energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1K without change of phase. Heat capacity is an extensive thermodynamic property dependent on temperature and pressure. 在不發(fā)生相變的情況下將物體的溫度提高1K所需的能量。熱容量是一種廣泛的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)，取決于溫度和壓力。 |
| Reverse engineering | 逆向工程 |
The disassembly of a machine, mechanism, system or device, measurement of its component parts, and identification of the materials used so that if required, a functioning replica can be produced. 拆卸機器、機構(gòu)、系統(tǒng)或裝置，測量其組成部分，并識別所用材料，以便在需要時可以生產(chǎn)出功能正常的復(fù)制品。 |
| Carbonitriding | 碳氮共滲 |
A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the workpiece. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，將合適的含鐵材料在氣體氣氛中加熱到較低的轉(zhuǎn)變溫度以上，使其表面同時吸收碳和氮，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。該工藝通過以在工件中產(chǎn)生所需性能的速率冷卻來完成。 |
| Scuffing | 擦傷 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘著磨損的一種形式，在摩擦表面上產(chǎn)生表面劃痕或高度拋光。通常在潤滑不足的零件上觀察到。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 渦輪分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10?8?Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（壓力降至約10?8Pa）泵，其中動量通過快速旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉片盤傳遞給氣體分子。 |
| Adhesive joint | 粘合接頭 |
The point or area in which two structures are held together by an adhesive. 兩個結(jié)構(gòu)通過粘合劑粘合在一起的點或區(qū)域。 |
| V-belt | 三角帶 |
A drive belt having a trapezoidal cross section which runs in pulleys with V-shaped grooves. Higher torques can be transmitted than with a flat belt. 一種具有梯形橫截面的傳動帶，在帶V形槽的皮帶輪中運行。與平皮帶相比，可以傳遞更高的扭矩。 |
| Circlip | 卡簧 |
(snap ring) An external or internal retaining ring that locates parts of circular cross section in an axial direction. It consists of an incomplete ring, with holes on either side of the gap, that may be expanded by a plier-like tool to pass into a groove in a shaft or contracted to pass into a groove in a bore. （卡環(huán)）在軸向定位圓形橫截面部分的外部或內(nèi)部保持環(huán)。它由一個不完整的環(huán)組成，在間隙的任一側(cè)都有孔，可以通過鉗形工具將其擴展以進入軸中的凹槽或收縮以進入孔中的凹槽。 |
| Offset | 偏移 |
The distance along the strain coordinate between the initial portion of a stress-strain curve and a line parallel to the initial portion that intersects the stress-strain curve at a value of stress (commonly 0.2%) that is used as a measure of the yield strength. Used for materials that have no obvious yield point. 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線的初始部分與平行于初始部分的線之間沿應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)的距離，該線以應(yīng)力值（通常為0.2%）與應(yīng)力-變形曲線相交，該應(yīng)力值用作屈服強度的度量。用于沒有明顯屈服點的材料。 |
| Pressure regulator | 壓力調(diào)節(jié)器 |
(pressure-regulating valve) A device installed in a pneumatic or gas system to maintain the downstream pressure at the required level. （壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥）安裝在氣動或氣體系統(tǒng)中以將下游壓力保持在所需水平的裝置。 |
| Scleroscope hardness test | 反躍式硬度試驗 |
A dynamic indentation-hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a diamond-tipped hammer from a fixed height onto the surface of the material being tested. The height of rebound of the hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. Also known as Shore hardness test. 使用校準(zhǔn)儀器的動態(tài)壓痕硬度測試，該儀器將金剛石錘從固定高度落在被測材料表面上。錘的回彈高度是材料硬度的一種度量。也稱為肖氏硬度測試。 |
| Wire rope | 鋼絲繩 |
A type of cable formed from individual strands of wire with a helical twist. 一種線纜，由具有螺旋扭曲的單獨的線股形成。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 壓力系統(tǒng)設(shè)計所依據(jù)的壓力和應(yīng)設(shè)置安全閥的最高壓力。系統(tǒng)中最低額定部件的設(shè)計安全系數(shù)通常為4。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直徑（單位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋彈簧或空心圓柱體或球體的內(nèi)徑和外徑的平均值 |
| Fracture | 斷裂 |
(rupture) The separation of materials, components, or structures into two or more parts by the propagation of one or more cracks. Cracking may be globally elastic (brittle) or accompanied by varying degrees of plasticity (ductile). （斷裂）通過一個或多個裂紋的擴展將材料、部件或結(jié)構(gòu)分離成兩個或更多部分。裂紋可能是整體彈性（脆性）或伴有不同程度的塑性（延性）。 |
| Snap temper | 快速回火 |
A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature. 在淬火后立即對高淬透性鋼進行預(yù)防性臨時應(yīng)力消除處理，以防止因在規(guī)定的更高溫度下回火延遲而開裂。 |
| End-quench hardenability test | 端淬淬透性試驗 |
A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end. 測定鋼或其他鐵合金淬透性的實驗室程序。淬透性是通過將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試樣加熱到高于上臨界溫度，將熱試樣放置在夾具中，使冷水流沖擊一端，并在冷卻至室溫后，沿試樣長度以規(guī)則間隔測量試樣表面附近的硬度來確定的。數(shù)據(jù)通常繪制為硬度與距淬火端距離的關(guān)系。 |
| Breaking load | 斷裂載荷 |
The maximum load (or force) applied to a test specimen or structural member loaded to rupture. 施加到加載到破裂的試樣或結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件上的最大載荷（或力）。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 霧化加濕器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一種加濕器，通過將細小的水滴噴射到氣流中來發(fā)揮作用。 |
| Closed system | 封閉系統(tǒng) |
A closed thermodynamic system consists of a fixed amount of mass. No mass can cross its boundary although energy can, in the form of work or heat, and its volume can change. 一個封閉的熱力學(xué)系統(tǒng)由一定量的質(zhì)量組成。能量可以以功或熱的形式存在，其體積可以改變，但沒有質(zhì)量可以越過它的邊界。 |
| Proportional limit | 比例極限 |
The greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and strain. 材料能夠產(chǎn)生的最大應(yīng)力不偏離應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變之間的直線比例。 |
| Blade compressor | 葉片式壓縮機 |
An oil-free, double-acting rotary compressor in which an angled blade attached to the inner surface of a rotating housing passes through a slot in a disk rotating about an axis perpendicular to that of the housing but offset from it. Air enters through apertures in the housing and leaves through a port in the housing. 一種無油雙作用旋轉(zhuǎn)式壓縮機，其中連接到旋轉(zhuǎn)外殼內(nèi)表面的傾斜葉片穿過圓盤上的槽，該槽繞垂直于外殼的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，但偏離外殼。空氣通過殼體中的孔進入，并通過殼體的端口離開。 |
| Diffusion | 擴散 |
(1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid, or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. （1） 一種成分在氣體、液體或固體中的擴散，趨于使所有部分的成分均勻。（2） 原子或分子自發(fā)運動到材料內(nèi)的新位置。 |
| Humidify | 加濕 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 將水蒸氣添加到空氣或其他氣體中以增加其濕度。 |
| Mechanical units | 機械單位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的單位，其量綱包括質(zhì)量、長度和時間。 |
| Two-stage compressor | 兩級壓縮機 |
A machine in which gas is compressed from low pressure toan intermediate pressure in a low-pressure cylinder, and then to final pressure in a highpressure cylinder. Efficiency is improved if the two cylinders are separated by an intercooler. 一種機器，其中氣體在低壓氣缸中從低壓壓縮到中壓，然后在高壓氣缸中壓縮到最終壓力。如果兩個氣缸由中冷器分離，則效率提高。 |
| Fracture mechanisms | 斷裂機制 |
The microstructural mechanisms that cause fracture, such as void initiation, growth and coalescence, cleavage. 導(dǎo)致斷裂的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)機制，如空隙的萌生、生長和聚結(jié)、解理。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規(guī) |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測量螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環(huán)境發(fā)生顯著化學(xué)或電化學(xué)反應(yīng)的磨損。 |
| Quench cracking | 淬火開裂 |
Fracture of a metal during quenching from elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks often emanate from fillets, holes, corners, or other stress raisers and result from high stresses due to the volume changes accompanying transformation to martensite. 高溫淬火時金屬斷裂。在高硬度和低韌性的硬化碳鋼、合金鋼或工具鋼零件中最常見。裂紋通常來自圓角、孔、角部或其他應(yīng)力集中區(qū)，并由伴隨馬氏體轉(zhuǎn)變的體積變化引起的高應(yīng)力引起。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接頭 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 兩塊板之間的鉚接、焊接或粘結(jié)連接，通過將一塊板重疊在另一塊板上而形成。對接接頭上方和下方具有板的搭接接頭避免了與簡單搭接接頭相關(guān)的彎矩。 |
| Fillet radius | 圓角半徑 |
Concave junction at two intersecting surfaces of a fastener. Often used to describe the junction between the head and the? shank of a threaded fastener (under head fillet). 在緊固件的兩個相交表面處的凹形接合處。通常用于描述螺紋緊固件的頭部和柄部之間的連接處（頭部圓角下方）。 |
| Blueing | 發(fā)藍 |
Application of blue dye (‘engineers’ blue’) to identify high spots on surfaces in contact, or for marking out. 應(yīng)用藍色染料（“工程師藍”）來識別接觸表面上的高點，或用于標(biāo)記。 |
| Engineering stress (s) | 工程應(yīng)力 |
A term sometimes used for conventional stress in order to differentiate it from true stress. In tension testing, it is calculated by dividing the breaking load applied to the specimen by the original crosssectional area of the specimen. 一個術(shù)語，有時用于常規(guī)應(yīng)力，以區(qū)別于真實應(yīng)力。在拉伸試驗中，通過將施加在試樣上的斷裂載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來計算。 |
| Expansion bolt | 膨脹螺栓 |
When a through bolt cannot be used for attaching a pipe hanger, bracket, or other part, to a wall or ceiling of brick or concrete, what are known as expansion bolts are often used. The body of an expansion bolt is divided and the arrangement is such that, when the head of the bolt is turned, the sections forming the body of the bolt are forced outward and against the wall of the hole which has been drilled into the brick, concrete, or stone, as the case may be. Bolts of this type are made in quite a variety of designs. The nominal size represents the diameter of the bolt proper and not the diameter of the casing or expansion member. 當(dāng)不能使用貫穿螺栓將管道吊架、支架或其他部件連接到磚塊或混凝土的墻壁或天花板時，通常使用所謂的膨脹螺栓。膨脹螺栓的主體是分開的，其布置方式是，當(dāng)螺栓頭轉(zhuǎn)動時，形成螺栓主體的部分被強制向外并靠在已鉆入磚、混凝土或石頭中的孔壁上，視情況而定。這種類型的螺栓有多種設(shè)計。標(biāo)稱尺寸代表螺栓本身的直徑，而不是套管或膨脹構(gòu)件的直徑。 |
| Permanent set | 永久變形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 釋放荷載后，先前受力物體中剩余的變形或應(yīng)變。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應(yīng)力。 |
| Annealing carbon | 退火碳 |
Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called temper carbon. 白口鑄鐵和某些鋼在長時間退火過程中形成的細小、明顯的無定形碳顆粒。也稱為回火碳。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標(biāo)稱應(yīng)變。 |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速萬向節(jié) |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV關(guān)節(jié)，勻速關(guān)節(jié)）在兩個軸之間傳遞恒定角速度的連接，這兩個軸既不必在一條直線上，也不必固定其軸向位置。 |
| Lead angle | 導(dǎo)角 |
The angle of the helix of a screw thread or worm thread. It is the measure of the inclination of a screw thread from a plane perpendicular to the axis of the screw. 螺紋或蝸桿螺紋的螺旋角。它是螺紋從垂直于螺釘軸線的平面的傾斜度的量度。 |
| Shear lip | 剪切唇 |
A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region at the edge of a fracture that is otherwise of the cleavage type, even though this fibrous region is in the same plane as the rest of the fracture surface. 沿斷裂面邊緣的狹窄傾斜脊。該術(shù)語有時還表示斷裂邊緣處的狹窄、通常為新月形的纖維區(qū)域，否則為解理型，即使該纖維區(qū)域與斷裂表面的其余部分位于同一平面內(nèi)。 |
| Kiln | 窯 |
An industrial oven for burning, baking, or drying. 用于燃燒、烘烤或干燥的工業(yè)烤箱。 |
| Prying | 撬動 |
The magnification of an External load by a pseudolever action when that load is an Eccentric tensile load. 當(dāng)外部荷載為偏心拉伸荷載時，通過偽杠桿作用放大外部荷載。 |
| Joint | 關(guān)節(jié)接合處 |
The part of a robot arm permitting either rotational or translational motion. Each joint provides a single degree of freedom, and thus a minimum of six is required if the robot is to be able to position and orientate the end effector anywhere within the workspace. A joint is described by four parameters: the joint angle, joint offset, joint twist, and link length. The joint angle is the angle between an extrapolation of the previous link length and the present link length, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the joint axis. This is variable in a rotational joint and fixed in a translational joint. The joint offset is the distance between the link length for the previous link and that for the present link, measured along the joint axis. This is variable for a translational joint and fixed for a rotational joint. The joint twist for the nth joint is the angle between the axes of joints Jn?and Jn+1, measured positive anticlockwise in a plane normal to the link length and viewed from the position of the Jn+1?joint. The link length is the mutually perpendicular distance between planes passing through the axes of joint Jn?and Jn+1. Both the joint twist and link length are fixed in all joints. 機器人手臂上允許旋轉(zhuǎn)或平移運動的部分。每個接合處都有自由度，如果機器人要能夠在工作空間內(nèi)的任何位置定位和定向末端執(zhí)行器，則至少需要六個接合處具有自由度。關(guān)節(jié)接合處由四個參數(shù)描述：關(guān)節(jié)角度、關(guān)節(jié)偏移、關(guān)節(jié)扭曲和鏈接長度。關(guān)節(jié)角度是在垂直于關(guān)節(jié)軸的平面內(nèi)逆時針測量的先前連桿長度和當(dāng)前連桿長度的外推之間的角度。這在旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)中是可變的，在平移關(guān)節(jié)中是固定的。關(guān)節(jié)偏移是沿關(guān)節(jié)軸測量的前一個連桿和當(dāng)前連桿的連桿長度之間的距離。這對于平移關(guān)節(jié)是可變的，對于旋轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)節(jié)是固定的。第n個關(guān)節(jié)的關(guān)節(jié)扭曲是關(guān)節(jié)Jn和Jn+1軸之間的角度，在垂直于連桿長度的平面內(nèi)逆時針測量，從Jn+2關(guān)節(jié)的位置觀察。連桿長度是穿過關(guān)節(jié)軸Jn和Jn+1的平面之間相互垂直的距離。關(guān)節(jié)扭曲和連桿長度在所有關(guān)節(jié)中都是固定的。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸氣循環(huán) |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一種動力循環(huán)，它將相對低溫的蒸汽循環(huán)（底部循環(huán)）與高溫循環(huán)（頂部循環(huán)）相結(jié)合，其中使用了諸如汞、鈉或鉀之類的工作流體。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Cotter pin | 開口銷 |
(cotter) 1. A tapered wedge or pin passing through a tapered slot or hole in one member and bearing against a second member to fix it in location. 2. A split cotter is commonly called a split pin. A pin with two legs. With legs together, the pin is placed through the hole in a clevis pin. The legs are then opened outward to prevent the cotter pin from backing out of the hole. The cotter pin, in turn, prevents the load-bearing clevis pin from backing out of its retaining hole. （開口）1.錐形楔子或銷釘穿過一個構(gòu)件中的錐形槽或孔，并支撐在第二個構(gòu)件上以將其固定到位。2.開口開口通常稱為開口銷。相當(dāng)于有兩條腿的別針，將支腿放在一起，銷釘穿過U形夾銷上的孔。然后將支腿向外打開以防止開口銷從孔中退出。開口銷反過來防止承重U形夾銷從其固定孔中退出。 |
| Critical strain | 臨界應(yīng)變 |
The strain just sufficient to cause recrystallization; because the strain is small, usually only a few percent, recrystallization takes place from only a few nuclei, which produces a recrystallized structure consisting of very large grains. 剛好足以引起再結(jié)晶的應(yīng)變；由于應(yīng)變很小，通常只有百分之幾，再結(jié)晶只發(fā)生在少數(shù)核上，從而產(chǎn)生由非常大的晶粒組成的再結(jié)晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Thermal analysis | 熱分析 |
A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of equilibrium diagrams. 一種通過記錄發(fā)生熱阻的溫度來確定金屬轉(zhuǎn)變的方法。這些阻力表現(xiàn)為繪制或機械追蹤的加熱和冷卻曲線斜率的變化。當(dāng)這些數(shù)據(jù)在加熱和冷卻的近似平衡條件下得到保證時，該方法通常用于確定構(gòu)建平衡圖所需的某些臨界溫度。 |
| Tensile test (tension test) | 拉伸試驗（拉力試驗） |
A test in which a precisely-machined tensile specimen (tensile testpiece), typically circular or rectangular in cross section with large end sections that are gripped in the testing machine, is subjected to an increasing tensile load, usually to the point of fracture, to produce a stress–strain curve from which such material properties as modulus of elasticity, limit of proportionality, proof stress, yield point, and ultimate tensile stress can be determined. The relevant standard is ISO 6892-1. 一種試驗，在這種試驗中，精密加工的拉伸試樣（拉伸試件）的橫截面通常為圓形或矩形，具有在試驗機中夾緊的大端部，受到越來越大的拉伸載荷，通常達到斷裂點，以產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線，從中可以看出彈性模量、比例極限等材料特性，可以確定驗證應(yīng)力、屈服點和極限拉伸應(yīng)力。相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為ISO 6892-1。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機械裝置，杠桿打開和關(guān)閉縱向分開的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) | 疲勞裂紋擴展率（da/dN） |
The rate of crack extension caused by constant-amplitude fatigue loading, expressed in terms of crack extension per cycle of load application. 恒幅疲勞荷載引起的裂紋擴展速率，以每次荷載施加循環(huán)的裂紋擴展表示。 |
| Brayton cycle | 布雷頓循環(huán) |
(Joule cycle) An air standard cycle that is the ideal cycle for a gasturbine engine. As shown on the diagram of pressure (p) ?s specific volume (?), it consists of four internally reversible processes: isentropic compression in a compressor (1–2), isobaric heat addition in a combustor (2–3), isentropic expansion in a turbine (3–4) and isobaric heat rejection. The cycle can be extended to include regeneration, reheating, and intercooling. （焦耳循環(huán)）一種空氣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)循環(huán)，是燃氣輪機發(fā)動機的理想循環(huán)。循環(huán)可以擴展到包括再生、再熱和中冷。 |
| Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels | 沉淀硬化不銹鋼 |
Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels contain typically 11–18% chromium, 3–10% nickel, 0.05–0.2% carbon, and small additions of manganese, silicon, aluminium, molybdenum, niobium and titanium. These steels can be supplied in a solution-treated condition, which is readily fabricated or machined, and then hardened by an ageing treatment that produces a fine dispersion of second-phase precipitates. They are available in austenitic, semi-austenitic, and martensitic grades. Uses include springs, knives, and pressure vessels. 沉淀硬化不銹鋼通常含有11-18%的鉻、3-10%的鎳、0.05-0.2%的碳以及少量添加的錳、硅、鋁、鉬、鈮和鈦。這些鋼可在固溶處理條件下供應(yīng)，該條件易于制造或機加工，然后通過時效處理硬化，從而產(chǎn)生細小的第二相沉淀。它們有奧氏體、半奧氏體和馬氏體等級。用途包括彈簧、刀具和壓力容器。 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 熱膨脹系數(shù) |
(1) Change in unit of length (or volume) accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified temperature. (2) The linear or volume expansion of a given material per degree rise of temperature, expressed at an arbitrary base temperature or as a more complicated equation applicable to a wide range. （1） 單位長度（或體積）隨溫度單位變化的變化。（2） 給定材料每上升一度的線性或體積膨脹，在任意基礎(chǔ)溫度下表示，或作為適用于寬范圍的更復(fù)雜方程表示。 |
| Constant-mesh gearbox | 恒嚙合齒輪箱 |
A gearbox in which the pairs of gears giving different speed ratios are constantly in mesh, different ratios being obtained by? connecting or disconnecting the relevant gear to the driving shaft. 一種齒輪箱，其中提供不同速比的齒輪對始終嚙合，通過將相關(guān)齒輪連接或斷開驅(qū)動軸獲得不同的速比。 |
| Atmosphere | 大氣 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一種已被淘汰的（非SI）壓力單位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大約等于在平均海平面測量的大氣壓力（大氣壓）。 |
| True stress (σ) (Unit Pa) | 真應(yīng)力（σ）（單位Pa） |
The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts. Compare with engineering stress. The applied load on a test specimen divided by the current cross-section area over which it acts. σ = s expε where s is the engineering stress given by the applied load divided by the original cross-section area over which it acts, and ε is the true strain. 通過將給定時刻施加在構(gòu)件上的荷載除以其作用的橫截面積而獲得的值。與工程應(yīng)力相比。施加在試樣上的荷載除以其作用的當(dāng)前橫截面積。σ=s expε，其中s是由施加荷載除以其作用的原始橫截面面積得出的工程應(yīng)力，ε是真實應(yīng)變。 |
| Bainitic hardening | 貝氏體硬化 |
Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in the formation of bainite. 淬火硬化處理主要導(dǎo)致貝氏體的形成。 |
| Cleavage fracture | 解理斷裂 |
A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low energy brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture. A fracture created by splitting (cleavage), as between layers in materials like slate or mica. In brittle metals, and brittle? microconstituents in alloys, cleavage occurs along particular crystal planes. 一種通過分裂（劈裂）產(chǎn)生的裂縫斷裂，通常是多晶金屬的斷裂，其中大部分晶粒因解理而失效，產(chǎn)生明亮的反射面。它是一種結(jié)晶性斷裂，與低能脆性斷裂有關(guān)。與剪切斷裂相對。如板巖或云母等材料的層之間。在脆性金屬和合金中的脆性微量成分中，沿特定晶面發(fā)生解理。 |
| Partial annealing | 不完全退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote a treatment given cold-worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled level or to effect stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material, the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature schedule must be stated. 一個不精確的術(shù)語，用于表示冷加工材料的處理，以將強度降低到受控水平或消除應(yīng)力。為了有意義，必須說明材料類型、冷加工程度和時間-溫度計劃。 |
| Cylinder head | 氣缸蓋 |
The machined casting, typically of aluminium alloy or cast iron, that fits above the cylinder block of a piston engine and closes off the cylinders. It normally includes part of the combustion chambers and holes for the valves and spark plugs. 活塞式發(fā)動機缸體上方的機械鑄件，通常由鋁合金或鑄鐵制成，用于封閉氣缸。它通常包括燃燒室的一部分以及閥門和火花塞的孔。 |
| Radial engine | 徑向發(fā)動機 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 氣缸沿徑向圍繞曲軸布置的活塞式發(fā)動機，這種設(shè)計通常用于早期飛機發(fā)動機。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機械性能。通常根據(jù)測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個霍普金森棒之間時的行為來確定。 |
| Diffusion coating | 擴散涂層 |
Coating on metal for corrosion- and/or oxidation-resistance. Coatings are produced by heating a metal in contact with an alloy in powder, liquid, or gaseous form at elevated temperature such that atoms of the coating diffuse into the substrate. Examples include chromium, aluminium, or silicon on substrates such as nickel-based superalloys, steels, and refractory metals. 金屬上的防腐和/或抗氧化涂層。涂層是通過在高溫下加熱與粉末、液體或氣體形式的合金接觸的金屬，從而使涂層的原子擴散到基體中而產(chǎn)生的。實例包括基底上的鉻、鋁或硅，如鎳基高溫合金、鋼和耐火金屬。 |
| Alpha iron | 阿爾法鐵 |
The body-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable below 910 °C (1670 °F). 純鐵的體心立方形式，在910°C(1670°F)以下穩(wěn)定。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奧爾森杯測試 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一種杯突試驗，其中一塊金屬板，除了中心以外，被一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼球變形，直到發(fā)生斷裂。斷裂時杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Mass flow rate (?) (Unit kg/s) | 質(zhì)量流量（?）（單位kg/s） |
The mass of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. The corresponding mass flux (?″), with unit kg/s.m2, is the mass flow across a real surface or through a duct, divided by the surface or cross-sectional area A, i.e. ?″ = ?/A or ?″ = ρV where ρ is the material density and V is its velocity normal to the surface. 單位時間內(nèi)流過表面或通過管道或其他管道的材料質(zhì)量，通常是流體或粉末。相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量通量（?″），單位為kg/s.m2，是通過真實表面或通過管道的質(zhì)量流量除以表面或橫截面積A，即?″=?/A或?″=ρV，其中ρ是材料密度，V是其垂直于表面的速度。 |
| Finish annealing | 精制退火 |
A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. 適用于冷加工低碳鋼或中碳鋼的亞臨界退火處理。與最終退火相比，精加工退火是一種折衷處理，可降低殘余應(yīng)力，從而最大限度地降低加工中的變形風(fēng)險，同時保留冷加工對可加工性的大部分好處。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應(yīng)力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規(guī)定的小永久變形的應(yīng)力。（2）施加在構(gòu)件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定應(yīng)力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Dynamic coupling | 動態(tài)耦合 |
In vibrations, the existence of inertial terms depending on mass in the governing equations, so that there is only a force if there is a corresponding acceleration. 在振動中，慣性項的存在取決于控制方程中的質(zhì)量，因此只有當(dāng)有相應(yīng)的加速度時才有力。 |
| Breaking load (Unit N) | 斷裂負荷（單位N） |
The load applied at some point to a component or structure which leads to fracture. The breaking stress (breaking strength) is the average stress at which a member breaks, given by the breaking load divided by the area over which it acts. 在某個點施加到導(dǎo)致斷裂的部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的載荷。斷裂應(yīng)力（斷裂強度）是構(gòu)件斷裂時的平均應(yīng)力，由斷裂載荷除以其作用的面積給出。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可熱處理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一種可以通過熱處理硬化的合金。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s2) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s2. （自由落體加速度，重力加速度，g）（單位m/s2）自由落體在真空中的加速度，在海平面處的平均值約為9.81m/s2。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時刻外層纖維的最大應(yīng)力。 |
| Pressure control valve | 壓力控制閥 |
A valve used to set the pressure level in a pressure vessel or piping system. 用于設(shè)置壓力容器或管道系統(tǒng)中壓力水平的閥門。 |
| Velocity ratio | 速度比 |
1. The ratio between the input velocity to a machine, train of gears, etc. and the output velocity. 2. The ratio between the displacement of an applied force at one part of a mechanism and the movement of the load at a different part. 1.機器、齒輪系等的輸入速度與輸出速度之間的比率。2.在機構(gòu)的一個部分處施加的力的位移與在不同部分處的載荷的移動之間的比率。 |
| Tolerance limits | 公差極限 |
The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. 定義零件尺寸或其他質(zhì)量特性允許偏差范圍的極值（上限和下限）。 |
| Linear (tensile or compressive) strain | 線性（拉伸或壓縮）應(yīng)變 |
The change per unit length due to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered positive. 由于原始線性尺寸中的力，每單位長度的變化。長度的增加被認為是正的。 |
| Brittle lacquer coating | 脆性漆涂層 |
A lacquer that, when painted on to an unloaded body, reveals the direction of maximum tension stresses from the pattern of cracking produced in the lacquer when the body is loaded. 一種漆，當(dāng)涂在未加載的車身上時，從車身加載時在漆中產(chǎn)生的裂紋圖案中顯示出最大拉應(yīng)力的方向。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應(yīng)變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導(dǎo)致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應(yīng)變。相應(yīng)的應(yīng)力稱為抗壓強度。這兩個量都不能是材料常數(shù)，因為它們必須遵守斷裂力學(xué)定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| Temperature factor | 溫度系數(shù) |
A calibration constant used in ultrasonic measurement of bolt stress or strain. Accounts for the effects of thermal expansion and the temperature-induced change in the velocity of sound. 用于螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變超聲波測量的校準(zhǔn)常數(shù)。說明了熱膨脹和溫度引起的聲速變化的影響。 |
| Ablation cooling | 燒蝕冷卻 |
The cooling of a surface exposed to very high external gas temperature which causes the surface material to sublime, melt or decompose. The chemical process absorbs heat while the mass flow of material away from the surface blocks the heat flux from the hot gas. 冷卻暴露于非常高的外部氣體溫度的表面，導(dǎo)致表面材料升華、熔化或分解。化學(xué)過程吸收熱量，而遠離表面的物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量流阻擋了來自熱氣體的熱通量。 |
| Anode | 陽極 |
That electrode in a battery or corrosion cell which produces electrons. It is the electrode which is destroyed (corrodes). 電池或腐蝕電池中產(chǎn)生電子的電極。被破壞（腐蝕）的是電極。 |
| Notch strength | 缺口強度 |
The maximum load on a notched tensile-test specimen divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the notch). Also known as notch tensile strength. 缺口拉伸試樣上的最大載荷除以最小橫截面積（缺口根部的面積）。也稱為缺口抗拉強度。 |
| Blind rivet | 盲孔鉚釘 |
A rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種鉚釘，可以僅從組件的一側(cè)進行連接。 |
| Universal joint (Hooke’s joint) | 萬向節(jié)（胡克接頭） |
A double-pivoted connection that allows power and torque to be transmitted between two shafts at an angle to each other. For constant driving angular velocity of the input yoke, the angular velocity of the output yoke fluctuates by amounts depending on the angle of intersection of the shafts. Speeds of the driving and driven shafts may be made identical (giving a constant-velocity joint) when an intermediate shaft, at each end of which there is a universal joint, is interposed. The driving and driven shafts must be equally inclined to the intermediate shaft, the two forks of which must lie in the same plane. 一種雙樞軸連接，允許動力和扭矩以一定角度在兩個軸之間傳遞。對于輸入磁軛的恒定驅(qū)動角速度，輸出磁軛的角速度根據(jù)軸的相交角度波動。當(dāng)插入中間軸時，驅(qū)動軸和從動軸的速度可以相同（提供恒定速度接頭），中間軸的兩端都有萬向節(jié)。主動軸和從動軸必須與中間軸傾斜相等，中間軸的兩個叉必須位于同一平面內(nèi)。 |
| Standard deviation (σ) | 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差（σ） |
A statistical term used to quantify the Scatter in a set of data points. If the standard deviation is small, most of the data points are ‘‘nearly equal.’’ A large deviation means less agreement. The most usual measure of the dispersion of observed values or results expressed as the positive square root of the variance. The square root of variance, a measure of the spread of data about the mean value. 用于量化一組數(shù)據(jù)點中分散度的統(tǒng)計術(shù)語。如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差很小，則大多數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)點“幾乎相等”大的偏差意味著更少的一致性。觀測值或結(jié)果離散度的最常用度量，表示為方差的正平方根。方差的平方根，衡量平均值的數(shù)據(jù)分布。 |
| Ductile fracture | 韌性斷裂 |
Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable energy. A fracture of a component or structure which is preceded by extensive ductile deformation so that the broken pieces cannot be re-fitted to regain the original size and shape of the component or structure. 以金屬撕裂為特征的斷裂，伴隨著明顯的總塑性變形和相當(dāng)大的能量消耗。一種部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的斷裂，在斷裂前會發(fā)生大范圍的延性變形，從而使斷裂的碎片無法重新裝配以恢復(fù)部件或結(jié)構(gòu)原來的尺寸和形狀。 |
| Induction hardening | 感應(yīng)淬火 |
A surface-hardening process in which only the surface layer of a suitable ferrous workpiece is heated by electromagnetic induction to above the upper critical temperature and immediately quenched. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，只有合適的含鐵工件的表面層通過電磁感應(yīng)加熱到高于上臨界溫度，并立即淬火。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質(zhì)上是一個齒輪泵反向運行，其中供應(yīng)到外殼一側(cè)的高壓流體導(dǎo)致齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Pressure difference (Unit Pa) | 壓差（單位Pa） |
(pressure differential, Δp) The difference between two pressures, one of which may be a reference pressure such as barometric pressure. In many flow processes, the pressure difference is more important than the absolute pressure level. （壓差，Δp）兩個壓力之間的差值，其中一個壓力可以是參考壓力，如大氣壓力。在許多流動過程中，壓差比絕對壓力水平更重要。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對于活塞發(fā)動機，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Fretting corrosion | 微動腐蝕 |
(1) The accelerated deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces as the result of corrosion and slight oscillatory movement between the two surfaces. (2) A form of fretting in which chemical reaction predominates. Fretting corrosion is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear. Fretting corrosion can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive. （1）由于兩個表面之間的腐蝕和輕微振蕩運動，接觸表面之間的界面加速劣化。（2）一種以化學(xué)反應(yīng)為主的微動磨損形式。微動腐蝕通常以顆粒的去除和隨后形成的氧化物為特征，這些氧化物通常具有研磨性，因此會增加磨損。微動腐蝕可能涉及其他化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物，這些化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物可能不是磨料。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕變斷裂強度（單位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金屬和聚合物蠕變試驗結(jié)束時的斷裂應(yīng)力，通常與時間作圖以給出應(yīng)力-斷裂曲線。 |
| Process annealing | 中間退火 |
An imprecise term denoting various treatments used to improve workability. For the term to be meaningful, the condition of the material and the time-temperature cycle used must be stated. 一個不精確的術(shù)語，表示用于改善可加工性的各種處理方法。為了使術(shù)語有意義，必須說明材料的條件和使用的時間-溫度循環(huán)。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收斂-發(fā)散流噴嘴，橫截面通常為圓形，喉部上游具有相對較短的收斂段（擾流器），然后是逐漸發(fā)散段（擴散器）。這種噴嘴通常在兩端都有法蘭，以便安裝在管道中。應(yīng)用包括流量計和噴射器。當(dāng)流體以亞音速流過收斂管道時，速度增加，壓力降低（文丘里效應(yīng)）。 |
| Interrupted aging | 分段時效 |
Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, and cooling to room temperature after each step. 分為兩個或兩個以上的溫度時效，按順序并在每個步驟后冷卻至室溫。 |
| Bearing area | 承載面積 |
The product of the pin (or hole) diameter and specimen thickness in a bearing test. (bearing surface) (Unit m2) The projected area of a hole, such as a rivet hole, that carries a transverse load. 軸承測試中銷（或孔）直徑和試樣厚度的乘積。（承載面）（單位m2）承載橫向載荷的孔（例如鉚釘孔）的投影面積。 |
| Tension joint | 張力接頭 |
A joint which is primarily subjected to loads acting more or less parallel to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少平行于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Fracture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The true normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture. This term usually applies to tension tests of unnotched specimens. 斷裂開始時最小橫截面積上的真實正應(yīng)力。該術(shù)語通常適用于無缺口試樣的拉伸試驗。 |
| Mechanical vibration | 機械振動 |
The motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. 圍繞平衡位置擺動的粒子或物體的運動。 |
| Degradation of energy | 能源退化 |
Conversion of energy into forms of lower usefulness due to irreversibilities in energy transfer and conversion processes. The increase in entropy can be regarded as a measure of the degradation of energy. 由于能量轉(zhuǎn)移和轉(zhuǎn)換過程中的不可逆性，將能量轉(zhuǎn)換為低效形式。熵的增加可以看作是能量退化的量度。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°彎曲的管道。 |
| Torque pack | 扭矩包 |
A geared wrench which multiplies input torque and provides a read-out of output torque. In effect, a combination of a Torque wrench and a Torque multiplier. 一種齒輪扳手，可增加輸入扭矩并提供輸出扭矩讀數(shù)。實際上，它是扭矩扳手和扭矩倍增器的組合。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小負載（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中施加載荷的最小代數(shù)值。 |
| Physical properties | 物理性質(zhì) |
Properties of a material the determination of which does not involve the deformation or destruction of the specimen—for example, density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, magnetic permeability, and lattice parameter. Does not include chemical reactivity or the properties more appropriately regarded as mechanical properties. 不涉及試樣變形或破壞的材料特性，例如密度、電導(dǎo)率、熱膨脹系數(shù)、磁導(dǎo)率和晶格參數(shù)。不包括化學(xué)反應(yīng)性或更適當(dāng)?shù)匾暈闄C械的性質(zhì)。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“發(fā)條”）或螺旋（圓柱形）彈簧。以螺旋狀纏繞的彈簧鋼絲。 |
| Vibration-testing machine (vibrator) | 振動試驗機（振動器） |
Any machine that subjects components or systems to vibration at known amplitudes and frequencies in order to determine the response. vibratory equipment Vibrating process equipment, such as shakers, used to separate small and large particles, or feeders to supply particulate or granular material that may otherwise clog. 使部件或系統(tǒng)以已知振幅和頻率振動以確定響應(yīng)的任何機器。振動設(shè)備振動工藝設(shè)備，如用于分離小顆粒和大顆粒的振動篩，或用于供應(yīng)可能堵塞的顆粒或粒狀材料的給料機。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機殼一種機殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機器，如發(fā)動機。水通過夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Verification | 檢驗 |
Checking or testing an instrument to ensure conformance with a specification. 檢查或測試儀器以確保符合規(guī)范。 |
| Nipple | 噴嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一種包含止回閥的裝置，該止回閥擰入潤滑點，通過該潤滑點可以將潤滑脂引入，例如軸承中。 |
| Composite property | 復(fù)合屬性 |
In thermodynamics, a property defined in terms of the properties of a closed system and its surroundings, such as the non-flow exergy function. 在熱力學(xué)中，根據(jù)封閉系統(tǒng)及其周圍環(huán)境的性質(zhì)定義的性質(zhì)，例如非流動火用函數(shù)。 |
| Nominal diameter | 公稱直徑 |
The ‘‘catalog diameter’’ of a fastener. Usually roughly equal to the diameter of the body, or the outer diameter of the threads. 緊固件的“目錄直徑”。通常大致等于主體的直徑或螺紋的外徑。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當(dāng)一個結(jié)處于不同于另一個結(jié)的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產(chǎn)生的電動勢。 |
| Spanner (wrench) | 扳手 |
A tool for applying torque to tighten or loosen a nut, bolt, or screw. Grip is applied by a serrated ring or an open U-shape at the end of the tool. On imperial-size spanners, the BSW and BSF marking refers to the diameter of the screw thread; similarly for BA spanners. Spanners for unified and metric threads are marked with the distance across the flats (‘A/F’) of the nut or head of the bolt. 擰緊或松開螺母、螺栓或螺絲的工具。通過工具端部的鋸齒環(huán)或開口U形應(yīng)用夾持。在英制扳手上，BSW和BSF標(biāo)記是指螺紋的直徑；類似于BA扳手。用于統(tǒng)一螺紋和公制螺紋的扳手在螺母或螺栓頭的平面（'A/F'）上標(biāo)記距離。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學(xué)過程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質(zhì)或系統(tǒng)所經(jīng)歷的平衡狀態(tài)的變化。 |
| Pitch diameter | 中徑 |
For screw threads, the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the threads at such points that would make the width of the groove and width of the land equal to one half the pitch. 對于螺紋，指一個假想圓柱體的直徑，其表面將在使凹槽寬度和焊盤寬度等于螺距一半的點穿過螺紋。 |
| Shear joint | 剪切接頭 |
A joint which is subjected primarily to loads acting more or less perpendicular to the axes of the bolts. 主要承受或多或少垂直于螺栓軸線的載荷的接頭。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 應(yīng)力范圍（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr?= Smax?– Smin 一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間的代數(shù)差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Turning angle (θ) | 轉(zhuǎn)向角（θ） |
The change in direction experienced by a gas flow passing through an oblique shock wave or Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan. 氣流通過斜激波或Prandtl–Meyer膨脹風(fēng)機時所經(jīng)歷的方向變化。 |
| Tab washer (lock washer) | 止動墊圈（鎖緊墊圈） |
A washer with one or more protruding tabs which can be bent in such a way that a nut or bolt head is prevented from becoming loose. 一種墊圈，具有一個或多個突出凸耳，可彎曲以防止螺母或螺栓頭松動。 |
| Allowable stress design | 許用應(yīng)力設(shè)計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 結(jié)構(gòu)連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設(shè)計程序。故意低估螺栓和接頭材料的強度，以便在結(jié)構(gòu)鋼接頭的設(shè)計中引入安全系數(shù)。它是最近定義的荷載和阻力系數(shù)設(shè)計程序的替代方法。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂紋擴展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂紋擴展的虛擬增量期間，在彈性固體中理想裂紋的前端可獲得的每單位新分離面積的彈性能量。 |
| Pressure loss (Unit Pa) | 壓力損失（單位Pa） |
The loss in stagnation pressure in internal flow due to wall friction and minor losses in fittings. 壁面摩擦引起的內(nèi)部流動停滯壓力損失和配件的微小損失。 |
| Sample median | 樣本中間值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 當(dāng)樣本中的所有觀測值按數(shù)量級排列時的中間值。如果測試的樣本數(shù)為偶數(shù)，則使用兩個中間值的平均值。這是人口中位數(shù)的一個點估計值，或50%的點。 |
| Hexagon nut | 六角螺母 |
A nut having six sides and shaped like a hexagon. 六邊形的螺母。 |
| Constant-force spring | 恒力彈簧 |
A spring that has the same restoring force regardless of displacement. The most common type takes the form of a coiled strip that, owing to tight coiling during manufacture, is pre-stressed (a steel measuring tape is an example). The uncoiling force is approximately constant as the change of curvature of the strip is approximately constant. Not to be confused with a clockwork spring from which power can be obtained. 無論位移如何，具有相同恢復(fù)力的彈簧。最常見的類型是卷繞帶，由于制造過程中的緊密卷繞，該卷繞帶是預(yù)應(yīng)力的（鋼卷尺就是一個例子）。隨著帶材曲率的變化近似恒定，開卷力近似恒定。不要與可獲得動力的發(fā)條彈簧混淆。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭軸振動 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋轉(zhuǎn)不平衡軸的快速來回角扭轉(zhuǎn)，在臨界轉(zhuǎn)速下達到最大值。軸偏心、質(zhì)量分布不平衡、振蕩扭矩、未對準(zhǔn)等都會影響扭轉(zhuǎn)振動。 |
| Structural engineering | 結(jié)構(gòu)工程 |
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the design of buildings, dams, bridges, and other large structures. 土木工程的一個分支，涉及建筑物、水壩、橋梁和其他大型結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通過使用內(nèi)部氣壓使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨脹來制造中空聚合物物體（例如瓶子）。 |
| Elongation measurement | 伸張率測量 |
Bolt elongation is directly proportional to axial stress when the applied stress is within the elastic range of the material. If both ends of a bolt are accessible, a micrometer measurement of bolt length made before and after the application of tension will ensure the required axial stress is applied. 當(dāng)施加的應(yīng)力在材料的彈性范圍內(nèi)時，螺栓伸長率與軸向應(yīng)力成正比。如果螺栓的兩端都可以接近，則在施加張力前后對螺栓長度進行測微計測量，以確保施加所需的軸向應(yīng)力。 |
| Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking | 氫致延遲開裂 |
A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a steady stress less than the yield stress. There is usually a delay between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. Also referred to as static fatigue. 有時用于識別一種氫脆形式的術(shù)語，其中金屬在小于屈服應(yīng)力的穩(wěn)定應(yīng)力下似乎會自發(fā)斷裂。在施加應(yīng)力（或?qū)⑹軕?yīng)力金屬暴露于氫）與開裂開始之間通常存在延遲。也稱為靜態(tài)疲勞。 |
| Friction loss (Unit J) | 摩擦損失（單位J） |
The conversion of mechanical energy to heat due to friction within a machine, mechanism, linkage, etc. 由于機器、機構(gòu)、連桿等內(nèi)部的摩擦而將機械能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。 |
| U-tube | U型管 |
A device consisting of two vertical tubes connected at either the top or bottom by a length of tubing such that a U-shape is formed. 由兩個垂直管組成的裝置，在頂部或底部通過一段管子連接，形成U形。 |
| Brake lining | 制動襯片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在內(nèi)膨脹制動器中覆蓋制動的可更換摩擦材料。 |
| Cavitation damage | 氣蝕損壞 |
Erosion of a solid surface through the formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles in an adjacent liquid that contains vapor and/or gas. 通過在包含蒸汽和/或氣體的相鄰液體中形成空穴或氣泡并破壞固體表面。 |
| Celsius | 攝氏度 |
The temperature scale based on the freezing point of water (0oC) and the boiling point of water (100oC). The interval between these points is divided into 100 degrees. The scale was devised by Anders Celsius. 基于水的冰點（0oC）和水的沸點（100oC）的溫標(biāo)。這些點之間的間隔被劃分為100度。這個比例是由安德斯·攝氏設(shè)計的。 |
| Maximum allowable operating pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許使用壓力（單位Pa） |
The highest pressure at which any pressure system may be operated, usually 10 to 20% below the maximum allowable working pressure. 任何壓力系統(tǒng)可運行的最高壓力，通常比最大允許工作壓力低10%至20%。 |
| Acoustics | 聲學(xué) |
The science and engineering of sound; its production, propagation, control, interaction with materials, etc. 聲音科學(xué)與工程；它的產(chǎn)生、傳播、控制、與材料的相互作用等。 |
| Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion | Mohr–Coulomb屈服準(zhǔn)則 |
A pressure-dependent yield criterion, according to which yielding occurs when the stress at a point in a material falls on the envelope created by the Mohr’s stress circles at yielding for various tests such as tension, shear, and compression that have different components of hydrostatic stress. 一種與壓力相關(guān)的屈服準(zhǔn)則，根據(jù)該準(zhǔn)則，當(dāng)材料中某一點的應(yīng)力落在屈服時的莫爾應(yīng)力圓所形成的包絡(luò)線上時，即發(fā)生屈服，用于各種試驗，如具有不同靜水應(yīng)力分量的拉伸、剪切和壓縮。 |
| Deformation (Unit 1/s) | 變形（單位1/s） |
A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change, change in moisture, or other causes. In solid mechanics, any change, reversible (elastic) or permanent (plastic), in the shape or size of parts of a body, or the whole body, caused by external or internal loading. It includes extension, compression, bending, and twisting. The same state of deformation in a body can appear as different combinations of elongation and shear. To state how much of the total strain is shear, it is split into dilatation and deviatoric components, the former changing volume but not shape, the latter shape but not volume. 由于壓力、熱變化、水分變化或其他原因?qū)е碌纳眢w形態(tài)變化。在固體力學(xué)中，由外部或內(nèi)部載荷引起的身體各部分或整個身體的形狀或大小的任何可逆（彈性）或永久（塑性）變化。它包括拉伸、壓縮、彎曲和扭曲。物體中相同的變形狀態(tài)可以表現(xiàn)為伸長和剪切的不同組合。為了說明總應(yīng)變中有多少是剪切，將其分為膨脹分量和偏差分量，前者改變體積但不改變形狀，后者改變形狀但不改變體積。 |
| Crack arrest | 止裂 |
Crack propagation that stops of its own accord when the energy release rate of the loaded component or structure falls below a critical value. If predictable, it can be incorporated into structural-integrity assessments. 當(dāng)加載部件或結(jié)構(gòu)的能量釋放率低于臨界值時，裂紋自行停止擴展。如果可以預(yù)測，可以將其納入結(jié)構(gòu)完整性評估。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數(shù) |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無量綱參數(shù)，將墊圈的質(zhì)量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數(shù)的函數(shù)。 |
| Izod test | 懸臂梁試驗 |
A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen, mounted vertically, is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure of the impact strength or toughness of the material. 一種沖擊試驗，其中垂直安裝的V形切口試樣受到擺臂末端重量的突然沖擊。斷開自由端所需的能量是材料沖擊強度或韌性的量度。 |
| Twist | 扭轉(zhuǎn) |
The helix produced in a cylindrical component, such as a shaft, wire, tensioned cable, or rope, when one end is rotated relative to the other. Measured either as the number of turns per unit length, or by the helix angle (twist angle). 當(dāng)一端相對于另一端旋轉(zhuǎn)時，在圓柱形部件（如軸、鋼絲、張緊電纜或繩索）中產(chǎn)生的螺旋。以每單位長度的圈數(shù)或螺旋角（扭曲角）測量。 |
| Pressure chamber | 壓力室 |
A chamber in which components or devices can be subjected to high or low fluid (liquid or gas) pressure. 部件或裝置可承受高或低流體（液體或氣體）壓力的腔室。 |
| Fastener quality | 緊固件質(zhì)量 |
A fastener’s adherence to its specification for dimensional tolerances, mechanical properties, and other requirements stated under applicable standards. 緊固件對尺寸公差、機械性能和適用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的其他要求的規(guī)范的遵守情況。 |
| Full size body | 全尺寸螺紋桿 |
The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. 螺栓或螺釘?shù)闹黧w，其直徑介于螺紋大徑的最小和最大限制之間。 |
| Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code | 鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范 |
A large and complex document, maintained and published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The code 一份龐大而復(fù)雜的文件，由美國機械工程師協(xié)會出版和維護。 |
| Gage length | 標(biāo)距 |
The original length of the portion of a specimen over which strain, change of length, or other characteristics are determined. 確定應(yīng)變、長度變化或其他特性的試樣部分的原始長度。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質(zhì)顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結(jié)果（磨損）。 |
| Dimensional stability | 尺寸穩(wěn)定性 |
Ability of a plastic part to retain the precise shape in which it was molded, fabricated, or cast. 塑料零件保持其成型、制造或鑄造時的精確形狀的能力。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂縫 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于彈性應(yīng)力分析的裂紋簡化模型。在無應(yīng)力物體中，裂紋有兩個光滑表面，它們在物體內(nèi)沿稱為裂紋前緣的平滑曲線重合并連接；在二維表示中，裂紋前緣稱為裂紋尖端。 |
| Metric ton (tonne, t) | 公制噸（噸，t） |
An SI-accepted, but non-SI, unit of mass defined as 1 t = 103?kg. SI系統(tǒng)可接受但非國際單位制的質(zhì)量單位，定義為1t=103kg。 |
| Non-ferrous metal | 有色金屬 |
Strictly, all metals and alloys that do not contain iron, but usually taken to mean aluminium- and copper-based alloys. 嚴格來說，所有不含鐵的金屬和合金，但通常指鋁基和銅基合金。 |
| Flange rotation | 法蘭轉(zhuǎn)角 |
Angular distortion of a flange under the influence of bolt and reaction forces. Measured with respect to the center of the cross section of the flange. 法蘭在螺栓和反作用力影響下的角度變形。相對于法蘭橫截面的中心測量。 |
| Surface treatment | 表面處理 |
Any process, including chemical, electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal, designed to protect a surface against corrosion and wear or to alter its mechanical properties. 任何旨在保護表面免受腐蝕和磨損或改變其機械性能的工藝，包括化學(xué)、電化學(xué)、機械和熱處理。 |
| Strain-hardening exponent (n value) | 應(yīng)變硬化指數(shù)（n值） |
The value n in the relationship σ = Kεn, where σ is the true stress, ε is the true strain, and K, the strength coefficient, is equal to the true stress at a true strain of 1.0. The strain hardening exponent is equal to the slope of the true stress/true strain curve up to maximum load, when plotted on log-log coordinates. The n-value relates to the ability of a sheet of material to be stretched in metalworking operations. The higher the n-value, the better the formability(stretchability). Also known as the strain-hardening coefficient. 關(guān)系式σ=Kεn中的值n，其中σ是真應(yīng)力，ε是真應(yīng)變，K是強度系數(shù)，等于真應(yīng)變?yōu)?.0時的真應(yīng)力。在對數(shù)坐標(biāo)上繪制時，應(yīng)變硬化指數(shù)等于真應(yīng)力/真應(yīng)變曲線的斜率，直到最大載荷。n值與一片材料在金屬加工操作中拉伸的能力有關(guān)。n值越高，成形性（拉伸性）越好。也稱為應(yīng)變硬化系數(shù)。 |
| Plane strain | 平面應(yīng)變 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中的應(yīng)力條件，其中在垂直于施加拉應(yīng)力軸和裂紋擴展方向（即平行于裂紋前沿）的方向上存在零應(yīng)變；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加載厚板。在平面應(yīng)變條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面垂直于主拉應(yīng)力軸。 |
| Black oxide | 黑色氧化物 |
A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot oxidizing salts or salt solutions. 通過將金屬浸入熱氧化鹽或鹽溶液中產(chǎn)生的黑色飾面。 |
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