| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Stainless steels | 不銹鋼 |
Iron-base alloys that are highly resistant to corrosion in many environments. The predominant alloying element is chromium, which, like iron at room temperature, has BCC crystal structure. Corrosion resistance by passivation is achieved by the formation of chromium oxide on the steel surface. Nickel, which has FCC crystal structure, is another important addition for some steels. Other additions used to enhance properties include manganese, molybdenum, niobium, and titanium. There are several classes of stainless steel. 在許多環境中具有高度耐腐蝕性的鐵基合金。主要的合金元素是鉻，與室溫下的鐵一樣，鉻具有BCC晶體結構。鈍化抗腐蝕性是通過在鋼表面形成氧化鉻來實現的。具有FCC晶體結構的鎳是某些鋼的另一種重要添加劑。其他用于增強性能的添加劑包括錳、鉬、鈮和鈦。不銹鋼的種類有好幾種。 |
| Elbow | 肘部 |
1. A fitting that connects the ends of two pipes at an angle, 45°, 90°, and 180° being the most common. 2. The third joint on an articulated robot corresponding to the human elbow. 1.以45°、90°和180°角連接兩個管道端部的配件。2.示例關節機器人上的第三關節對應于人的肘部。 |
| Quench-age embrittlement | 淬火時效脆化 |
Embrittlement of low-carbon steels resulting from precipitation of solute carbon at existing dislocations and from precipitation hardening of the steel caused by differences in ferrite at different temperatures. Quenchage embrittlement usually is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from temperatures slightly below Ac1?(the temperature at which austenite begins to form), and can be minimized by quenching from lower temperatures. 低碳鋼的脆化是由于溶質碳在現有位錯處的沉淀和鐵素體在不同溫度下的差異導致的鋼沉淀硬化造成的。淬火脆性通常是由鋼從略低于Ac1的溫度（奧氏體開始形成的溫度）快速冷卻引起的，可以通過從較低溫度淬火來最小化。 |
| Shear modulus (G) | 剪切模量（G） |
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain for shear stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Values of shear modulus are usually determined by torsion testing. Also known as modulus of rigidity. 對于低于材料比例極限的剪切應力，剪切應力與相應剪切應變之比。剪切模量值通常通過扭轉試驗確定。也稱為剛度模量。 |
| Pop rivet | 拉釘 |
A hollow rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種空心鉚釘，使連接只能從組件的一側進行。 |
| Concentrated load | 集中負荷 |
A load on a component which is distributed over a very small area, idealized as the line load of a wedge or knife edge, and the point load of a cone. 分布在非常小的區域上的部件上的載荷，理想化為楔形或刀刃的線載荷和錐體的點載荷。 |
| Free carbon | 游離碳 |
The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined carbon. 鋼或鑄鐵中總碳中以石墨或回火碳等元素形式存在的部分。與結合碳形成對比。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對于熱機或熱力循環，凈功輸出與系統凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Mean diameter (Unit m) | 平均直徑（單位米） |
The average of the inside and outside diameters for a helical spring or hollow circular cylinder or sphere 螺旋彈簧或空心圓柱體或球體的內徑和外徑的平均值 |
| Nut | 螺母 |
A metal fastener of square, hexagon or other shape, having an internal thread which screws onto a bolt, stud or arbor. An internally-threaded fastener used with externally-threaded bolts. Usually hexagonal in shape but there is a multitude of other geometries, such as square, for special purposes and different gripping tools. 一種方形、六角形或其他形狀的金屬緊固件，具有內螺紋，可擰在螺栓、螺柱或心軸上。與外螺紋螺栓一起使用的內螺紋緊固件。通常為六邊形，但也有許多其他幾何形狀，如方形，用于特殊用途和不同的夾持工具。 |
| Lap joint | 搭接接頭 |
A riveted, welded, or bonded connection between two plates made by overlapping one plate above the other. Lap joints having plates above and below a butt joint avoid the bending moment associated with a simple lap joint. 兩塊板之間的鉚接、焊接或粘結連接，通過將一塊板重疊在另一塊板上而形成。對接接頭上方和下方具有板的搭接接頭避免了與簡單搭接接頭相關的彎矩。 |
| Sound pressure (Unit μPa) | 聲壓（單位：μPa） |
The instantaneous deviation of pressure from the ambient pressure caused by the passage of a sound wave, which can be measured by a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water. 聲波傳播引起的壓力與環境壓力的瞬時偏差，可通過空氣中的麥克風和水中的水聽器測量。 |
| Wind tunnel | 風洞 |
A duct in which a controlled flow of air is used for testing and research. Types include blow down, closed circuit, open return, and open section. Closed-circuit tunnels may be pressurized or evacuated. The working section is usually situated immediately downstream of the flow-conditioning elements, which may include a plenum chamber, honeycomb, screens, turbulence grids, and a contraction. Immediately downstream there is usually a diffuser. For basic research the usual requirement is for uniform steady flow in the working section with low swirl and turbulence intensity. For some applications the flow may be density stratified, sheared, unsteady, or of high turbulence intensity. 用于測試和研究的可控氣流管道。類型包括排污、閉路、開路回路和開路段。閉路隧道可加壓或排空。工作段通常位于流量調節元件的下游，可包括增壓室、蜂窩、濾網、湍流格柵和收縮管。緊靠下游通常有一個擴散器。對于基礎研究，通常的要求是在低渦流和湍流強度的工作段中實現均勻穩定流動。對于某些應用，流動可能是密度分層、剪切、不穩定或高湍流強度。 |
| Arbitration bar | 抗彎試棒 |
A test bar, cast with a heat of material, used to determine chemical composition, hardness, tensile strength, and deflection and strength under transverse loading in order to establish the state of acceptability of the casting. 用熱材料鑄造的測試棒，用于確定化學成分、硬度、抗拉強度、橫向載荷下的撓度和強度，以確定鑄件的可接受狀態。 |
| Abrasivity | 磨蝕性 |
The extent to which a surface, particle, or collection of particles will tend to cause abrasive wear when forced against a solid surface under relative motion and under prescribed conditions. 在相對運動和規定條件下，一個表面、顆粒或顆粒集合在被迫抵靠固體表面時趨向于引起磨粒磨損的程度。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奧氏體不銹鋼 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奧氏體不銹鋼是非磁性的。它們含有顯著添加的鉻（16–30%），但具有奧氏體（FCC）晶體結構，通過在6–20%的成分范圍內添加鎳來穩定。碳含量范圍約為0.03至0.15%。含有大約18%鉻和8%鎳的“18-8”不銹鋼是該級別的典型不銹鋼。奧氏體不銹鋼即使在高溫下也具有高強度和耐腐蝕性，良好的延展性，良好的低溫性能和良好的焊接性。用于飛機和運輸設備、餐具、化學和食品加工設備、手術器械和低溫容器。 |
| Pneumatic control valve | 氣動控制閥 |
(pneumatic valve) A valve in which the position of the valve stem, which varies the open area, is determined by the net force generated by compressed air acting on a diaphragm operating against the force of a compression spring. Depending upon the arrangement of the spring, in the event of air-supply failure, the valve may open or close. （氣動閥）一種閥門，其中閥桿的位置隨開口面積的變化而變化，由壓縮空氣作用在隔膜上產生的凈力決定，隔膜克服壓縮彈簧的力進行操作。根據彈簧的布置，在供氣故障的情況下，閥門可以打開或關閉。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺紋 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺紋上相應點之間的間距相對較大的螺紋。 |
| Pressure rating (Unit Pa or bar) | 額定壓力（單位Pa或bar） |
The internal pressure at which a pressure vessel, boiler, tank, piping, etc. is designed to operate safely. 壓力容器、鍋爐、儲罐、管道等設計用于安全運行的內部壓力。 |
| Wrinkling | 起皺 |
A wavy condition obtained in deep drawing of sheet metal, in the area of the metal between the edge of the flange and the draw radius. Wrinkling may also occur in other forming operations when unbalanced compressive forces are set up. 在金屬板深沖過程中，在法蘭邊緣和拉深半徑之間的金屬區域內獲得的波浪狀狀態。當設置不平衡壓縮力時，在其他成形操作中也可能發生起皺。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Heat tinting | 熱著色 |
Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of the microstructure. 通過加熱氧化使金屬表面著色，以揭示微觀結構的細節。 |
| Blow moulding | 吹塑 |
The manufacture of hollow polymer objects (e.g. bottles) by expanding, with internal air pressure, a tube sealed at one end (parison) against the walls of a cavity mould. 通過使用內部氣壓使一端密封的管子（型坯）靠在型腔模具的壁上膨脹來制造中空聚合物物體（例如瓶子）。 |
| Ferralium | 鐵素體鋼 |
Ferralium is a type of Super Duplex Stainless Steel which is optimised for use within fasteners. 一種超級雙相不銹鋼，經過優化用于緊固件。 |
| Compound pendulum | 復擺 |
A rigid body free to swing about an axis. 可繞軸自由擺動的剛體。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國際計量局）政府間組織，其任務是為可追溯到國際單位制的單一、一致的計量系統提供基礎。 |
| Fracture toughness | 斷裂韌性 |
A generic term for measures of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. 裂紋擴展阻力測量的通用術語。該術語有時僅限于斷裂力學試驗的結果，這些結果直接適用于斷裂控制。該術語通常包括非基于斷裂力學分析的切口或預裂紋試樣的簡單試驗結果。基于使用經驗或與斷裂力學試驗的經驗相關性，后一類試驗的結果通常有助于斷裂控制。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂強度（單位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m2, the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按規定速率撕裂預裂片材所需的張力除以片材厚度。特別用于塑料、橡膠、織物和彈性體。由于單位不是應力單位，而是相當于J/m2，韌性單位，“強度”一詞是完全錯誤的。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量損失（單位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個常用的術語錯誤，但可以用于表示轉換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機散發到周圍環境的熱能，或由機器中的摩擦或表面阻力產生的熱能。 |
| Bearing strength | 承載強度 |
The maximum bearing stress that a material is capable of sustaining. 材料能夠承受的最大承載應力。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結果（磨損）。 |
| Vacuum annealing | 真空退火 |
Annealing carried out at subatmospheric pressure. 在低于大氣壓的壓力下進行退火。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學 |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復合材料、生物材料和半導體等固體物質的特性、行為和應用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一種已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）能量單位，等于1000卡。 |
| Centrifugal compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which kinetic energy is added to a fluid by radial acceleration in an impeller and then converted into a pressure increase by flow though a diffuser. 一種壓縮機，其中動能通過葉輪中的徑向加速度添加到流體中，然后通過擴散器的流動轉換為壓力增加。 |
| Belt furnace | 帶式爐 |
A continuous-type furnace which uses a mesh-type or cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace. 一種連續式爐，它使用網狀或鑄造鏈帶將零件運送通過爐子。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學狀態 |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統或工作流體根據其性質的狀態。 |
| Artificial aging | 人工時效 |
Aging above room temperature. 在室溫以上的時效。 |
| Freezing range | 凍融范圍 |
That temperature range between liquidus and solidus temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist. 熔融和固體成分共存的液相線和固相線溫度之間的溫度范圍。 |
| Dimensioning | 尺寸標注 |
The specification on an engineering drawing of the size (e.g. length, radius, angle, or spacing) and the relative location (e.g. angular position) of each feature of a component. The numerical values often include the tolerances. There should be no more dimensions than are necessary to manufacture the component. 工程圖紙上對部件每個特征的尺寸（例如長度、半徑、角度或間距）和相對位置（例如角位置）的規范。數值通常包括公差。尺寸不應超過制造組件所需的尺寸。 |
| Bulk velocity | 體積速度 |
(average velocity, V) (Unit m/s) For fluid flow in a pipe or duct, the average flow velocity, given by V = ?/ρA where ? is the mass flow rate, ρ is the fluid density, and A is the duct cross-sectional area. （平均速度，V）（單位m/s）對于管道或管道中的流體流動，平均流速，由V=?/ρA給出，其中?是質量流量，ρ是流體密度，A是管道截面積。 |
| Pre-stress | 預應力 |
To induce stresses into a component or structure before it is subjected to operating loads. 在部件或結構承受操作載荷之前，將應力引入部件或結構。 |
| Stress | 應力（單位Pa） |
The intensity of the internally distributed forces or components of forces that resist a change in the volume or shape of a material that is or has been subjected to external forces. Stress is expressed in force per unit area and is calculated on the basis of the original dimensions of the cross section of the specimen. Stress can be either direct (tension or compression)or shear. 1. Stress ‘at a point’ (i.e. over a volume of material that is very small compared with that of the component or structure) is the load per unit area for every face of an infinitesimal cube surrounding the point. 2. In fluid flow the stress tensor σij is the sum of an isotropic part ?pδij, δij being the Kronecker delta, having the same form as the stress tensor for a fluid at rest, p being the static pressure, and the non-isotropic, deviatoric stress tensor dij which is due entirely to the fluid motion. 內部分布力或力分量的強度，這些力或力的分量抵抗正在或已經受到外力的材料的體積或形狀的變化。應力以單位面積的力表示，并根據試樣橫截面的原始尺寸計算。應力可以是直接（拉伸或壓縮）或剪切。1.“在一點”的應力（即在與組件或結構相比非常小的材料體積上）是圍繞該點的無限小立方體的每個面的單位面積載荷。2. 在流體流動中，應力張量σij是各向同性部分-pδij的總和，δij是Kroneckerδ，具有與靜止流體的應力張量相同的形式，p是靜壓，非各向同性, 偏應力張量 dij 完全由流體運動引起。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 對鐵合金板、帶、線進行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Cone clutch | 錐形離合器 |
A friction clutch in which an internal cone moves axially in or out of engagement with an external cone. One or both surfaces is lined with high-friction material. 一種摩擦離合器，其中內錐與外錐軸向嚙合或脫離嚙合。一個或兩個表面襯有高摩擦材料。 |
| Fastener testing | 緊固件測試 |
A determination or verification that the fastener meets its specification requirements. 確定或驗證緊固件符合其規范要求。 |
| Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德羅常數 |
(Avogadro number, NA) A fundamental physical constant with the fixed numerical value 6.022 140 76 × 1023 mol?1. The mole contains exactly this number of elementary entities. A minor adjustment to the value of the Avogadro constant was made effective on 20 May 2019. （阿伏伽德羅數，NA）一個固定數值為6.02214076×1023mol的基本物理常數?摩爾正好包含這個數量的基本實體。對阿伏伽德羅常數值的微小調整于2019年5月20日生效。 |
| Viscoelasticity | 粘彈性 |
A property involving a combination of elastic and viscous behavior. A material having this property is considered to combine the features of a perfectly elastic solid and a perfect fluid. A phenomenon of time-dependent, in addition to elastic, deformation (or recovery) in response to load. 結合彈性和粘性的特性。具有這種性質的材料被認為是完美彈性固體和完美流體的結合體。除了彈性變形（或恢復）外，還隨時間變化的一種現象。 |
| Carbonization | 碳化 |
Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon. 將有機物質轉化為元素碳。 |
| Wrought iron | 鍛鐵 |
A highly ductile (but anisotropic) type of iron containing elongated slag fibres that resulted from the method of manufacture in which excess carbon in pig iron was burnt and worked out. The yield strength is some 200 MPa, tensile strength 320 MPa, and reduction of area on a 50-mm gauge length up to 35%. Now replaced by steel. 一種高韌性（但各向異性）的鐵，含有細長的礦渣纖維，由生鐵中多余的碳燃燒和加工的制造方法產生。屈服強度約為200MPa，抗拉強度為320MPa，50mm標距上的面積縮減率高達35%。現在被鋼所取代。 |
| Flexural strength | 抗彎強度 |
The maximum stress in the outer fiber at the moment of crack or break. 斷裂或斷裂時刻外層纖維的最大應力。 |
| Form of thread | 螺紋形式 |
The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch. 一個螺距長度的螺紋在軸向平面中的輪廓。 |
| Fatigue strength | 疲勞強度 |
The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic changes of stress. The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. 金屬在指定數量的應力循環變化下可以承受的應力。可以在指定的循環次數內持續而不失效的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。 |
| Permanent set | 永久變形 |
The deformation or strain remaining in a previously stressed body after release of load. 釋放荷載后，先前受力物體中剩余的變形或應變。 |
| Ball mill | 球磨機 |
A mill for grinding and pulverizing materials, consisting of a horizontal rotating drum containing loose steel or ceramic balls. 一種用于研磨和粉碎物料的磨機，由裝有松散鋼球或陶瓷球的水平旋轉滾筒組成。 |
| Radioactive heat (Unit J) | 放射性熱（單位J） |
Thermal energy released from the nucleus of an atom such as uranium235 by fission due to the absorption of a neutron. Heat is also produced by radioactive decay. 鈾235等原子核因吸收中子而裂變釋放的熱能。放射性衰變也會產生熱量。 |
| Standard fit | 標準匹配 |
The fit of a component machined or otherwise manufactured to standardized clearances and tolerances. 根據標準間隙和公差加工或以其他方式制造的部件的配合。 |
| Computer control | 電腦控制 |
The control of an engineering device or system by pre-programmed computer or by feedback control. 通過預編程計算機或反饋控制對工程設備或系統進行控制。 |
| Knoop hardness test | 努氏硬度試驗 |
An indentation-hardness test using calibrated machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having specified edge angles, under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the load. An indentation hardness test in which the indenter is an elongated diamond pyramid that gives an impression in the form of a parallelogram, in which the longer diagonal is about seven times the shorter. Used for studies of anisotropy in solid materials. 使用校準機器進行的一種壓痕硬度試驗，在規定條件下，將具有規定邊緣角的菱形棱錐金剛石壓頭壓入受試材料表面，并在移除荷載后測量長對角線。其中壓頭是一個細長的菱形棱錐，以平行四邊形的形式給出壓痕，其中較長的對角線約為較短的七倍。用于研究固體材料的各向異性。 |
| Graphitizing | 石墨化退火 |
Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. 以使部分或全部碳以石墨的形式沉淀的方式對鐵合金進行退火。 |
| Rubber hardness | 橡膠硬度 |
The indentation hardness of rubber-like materials in which the depth of indentation under load is measured. This is a measure of elastic moduli rather than yield stress as with ductile materials, since there is little, if any, permanent impression remaining on unloading rubbery materials. 測量負載下壓痕深度的橡膠類材料的壓痕硬度。這是對彈性模量的測量，而不是對韌性材料的屈服應力，因為卸載橡膠材料時幾乎沒有（如果有的話）永久壓痕。 |
| Dislocation density | 位錯密度 |
The total length of dislocation lines per unit volume, or the number of dislocation lines that cut through a unit cross-sectional area. 每單位體積的位錯線的總長度，或穿過單位橫截面積的位錯線的數量。 |
| Neutralization number | 中和值 |
An ASTM number given to quenching oils that reflects the oil’s tendency towards oxidation and sludging. 淬火油的ASTM編號，反映了油的氧化和成泥趨勢。 |
| Celsius temperature scale | 攝氏溫標 |
(centigrade temperature scale) A relative, non-SI, temperature scale now defined in terms of the Kelvin absolute temperature scale as °C = K ? 273.15, where °C is the symbol for degrees Celsius. The scale was previously called the centigrade scale, with two fixed points: the melting point of ice (the ice point) as 0°C, and the boiling point of water (the steam point) as 100°C. （攝氏度溫度標度）現在以開爾文絕對溫度標度定義的相對非國際溫度標度為°C=K-273.15，其中°C是攝氏度的符號。該刻度以前稱為攝氏度刻度，有兩個固定點：冰的熔點（冰點）為0°C，水的沸點（蒸汽點）為100°C。 |
| Socket wrench | 套筒扳手 |
A form of spanner with an internally ridged steel socket to fit a nut or the head of a bolt or screw. 扳手的一種形式，帶有內脊鋼套筒，用于安裝螺母或螺栓或螺釘的頭部。 |
| Combustion chamber | 爐膛 |
1. In a piston engine, the volume between the head of an individual cylinder and the crown of the piston in which the fuel–air mixture burns during each power stroke of the engine. 2. (combustor) In a gas-turbine engine, a ramjet, an afterburner, or a rocket motor, the component, often cylindrical or annular in shape, in which the fuel–air mixture burns in a continuous-flow process. 1.在活塞式發動機中，在發動機的每個動力沖程中，燃料-空氣混合物燃燒的單個氣缸蓋和活塞頂之間的體積。2.（燃燒室）在燃氣渦輪發動機、沖壓發動機、加力燃燒室或火箭發動機中，燃料-空氣混合物在連續流動過程中燃燒的部件，通常為圓柱形或環形。 |
| Total heat (Unit kJ) | 總熱量（單位kJ） |
An alternative term for enthalpy. It is inappropriate as it suggests that it includes kinetic energy in the same way as total enthalpy, but it does not. Also, heat and enthalpy are quite different quantities, as their definitions show. 焓的另一個術語。這是不恰當的，因為它表明，它包括動能的方式與總焓相同，但它實際上并不是的。此外，熱和焓是完全不同的量，正如它們的定義所示。 |
| Centrifugal fan | 離心風機 |
A machine with a rotor consisting of a number of blades mounted around a hub and used for moving air or other gases. The gas enters the rotor axially and is discharged radially at increased pressure. 一種帶有轉子的機器，轉子由安裝在輪轂周圍的許多葉片組成，用于移動空氣或其他氣體。氣體軸向進入轉子并在增加的壓力下徑向排出。 |
| Sample median | 樣本中間值 |
The middle value when all observed values in a sample are arranged in order of magnitude. If an even number of samples are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. It is a point estimate of the population median, or 50% point. 當樣本中的所有觀測值按數量級排列時的中間值。如果測試的樣本數為偶數，則使用兩個中間值的平均值。這是人口中位數的一個點估計值，或50%的點。 |
| Critical cooling rate | 臨界冷卻速度 |
The rate of continuous cooling required to prevent undesirable transformation. For steel, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled to suppress transformations above the Ms temperature. 防止不期望的轉變所需的連續冷卻速率。對于鋼，它是奧氏體必須持續冷卻以抑制Ms溫度以上的轉變的最小速率。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可熱處理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一種可以通過熱處理硬化的合金。 |
| Induction tempering | 感應回火 |
Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical induction heating. 鋼的回火采用低頻電感應加熱。 |
| Die threading | 模具螺紋 |
Die threading is a machining process for cutting external threads in cylindrical or tapered surfaces by the use of solid or self-opening dies. Die threading is a slower method of producing external threads than thread rolling, but it is faster than single-point threading in a lathe. 模具螺紋加工是一種通過使用實心或自開模具在圓柱形或錐形表面上切削外螺紋的加工工藝。模具螺紋加工是一種比滾絲加工更慢的外螺紋加工方法，但它比車床中的單點螺紋加工要快。 |
| Atmometer | 氣壓計 |
(atmidometer, evaporimeter) An instrument that measures the rate of evaporation of water from a surface into the atmosphere. （濕度計，蒸發計）測量水從表面蒸發到大氣中的速率的儀器。 |
| Thread milling | 螺紋銑削 |
Thread milling is a method of cutting screw threads with a milling cutter in a thread mill. Thread milling cutters are either single form or multiple form and are used in either conventional or planetary thread mills. 螺紋銑削是在螺紋銑刀中用銑刀切削螺紋的一種方法。螺紋銑刀為單形或多形，用于傳統或行星式螺紋銑刀。 |
| Olsen cup test | 奧爾森杯測試 |
A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a standard steel ball until fracture occurs. The height of the cup at time of fracture is a measure of the ductility. 一種杯突試驗，其中一塊金屬板，除了中心以外，被一個標準鋼球變形，直到發生斷裂。斷裂時杯的高度是延展性的量度。 |
| Effective yield strength | 有效屈服強度 |
An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 單軸屈服強度的假設值，代表塑性屈服對斷裂試驗參數的影響。 |
| Bypass valve | 旁通閥 |
A valve that directs flow through a bypass. 引導流過旁路的閥門。 |
| Centrifuge | 離心機 |
A machine incorporating a rapidly spinning drum in which liquids and suspended particles of different densities are separated by centrifugal action. 一種裝有快速旋轉滾筒的機器，在該滾筒中，不同密度的液體和懸浮顆粒通過離心作用分離。 |
| Cellular materials | 蜂窩材料 |
There are three broad classes of materials that have a sponge-like structure containing many small closed or open (interlinked) pores or cells. Natural cellular materials include bone, cork, sponge, and wood, and have numerous well-known uses. Wide ranges of cellular plastics are produced using blowing or foaming agents, such as air, ammonium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, etc., to create pores during the processing of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers. Rigid foams have moderate compressive strength and can be moulded and machined. 有三大類材料具有海綿狀結構，包含許多小的封閉或開放（互連）孔或細胞。天然多孔材料包括骨骼、軟木、海綿和木材，有許多眾所周知的用途。使用發泡劑或發泡劑（如空氣、碳酸銨、碳酸氫鈉等）生產各種泡沫塑料，以在熱塑性或熱固性聚合物加工過程中產生孔隙。硬質泡沫具有中等抗壓強度，可模制和機加工。 |
| Dowel | 銷釘 |
A headless cylindrical pin that fits into corresponding holes in mating components, thus ensuring relative location. A round metal or wooden pin. A pin, usually of circular shape like a cylinder, used to pin or fasten something in position temporarily or permanently. 一種圓頭金屬或木制圓柱銷，可插入配合組件的相應孔中，從而確保相對位置，用于暫時或永久地將某物固定或固定到位。 |
| Assembly drawing | 裝配圖紙 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 顯示零件如何組裝以生產組件或整機的工程圖。它可能包括顯示內部特征、對裝配至關重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件編號的部分。 |
| Pitch-circle diameter (Unit m) | 節圓直徑（單位：m） |
The diameter of the circle (the pitch circle) centred on a component’s axis, around which holes or bolts are equally spaced. 以部件軸為中心的圓（節圓）的直徑，孔或螺栓圍繞其等距分布。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10?2?m. 現在定義為25.4毫米的非SI長度單位。轉換為SI為1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Durometer hardness | 硬度計硬度 |
Measure of the indentation hardness of plastics. It is the extent to which a spring-loaded steel indenter protrudes beyond the pressure foot into the material. 塑料壓痕硬度的測量。它是彈簧加載的鋼壓頭超出壓力腳伸入材料的程度。 |
| Full-size fastener | 全尺寸緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d or ds > d, or screw threaded to the head, or fully threaded stud. 柄徑為ds≈d或ds>d的緊固件，或螺紋連接到頭部，或全螺紋螺柱。 |
| Tensile strength (Unit Pa) | 抗拉強度（單位Pa） |
In tension testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also known as ultimate strength. The resistance that a material offers to tensile stress. It is defined as the smallest tensile stress required to break the body. ?(ultimate strength, ultimate tensile strength, UTS, Rm, Rm) The nominal or engineering stress given by the maximum load in a tension test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. The maximum load could be the fracture load for a brittle material, but for a ductile material it is usually taken as the load at which necking begins, beyond which the load falls. 在拉伸試驗中，最大載荷與原始橫截面積之比。也稱為極限強度。材料對拉伸應力的抵抗力。它被定義為破壞主體所需的最小拉伸應力。（極限強度、極限抗拉強度、UTS、Rm、Rm）拉伸試驗中最大載荷除以試樣原始橫截面積得出的標稱或工程應力。對于脆性材料，最大載荷可以是斷裂載荷，但對于韌性材料，最大荷載通常被視為頸縮開始時的載荷，超過該載荷時，載荷下降。 |
| Corrosive wear | 腐蝕磨損 |
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. 與環境發生顯著化學或電化學反應的磨損。 |
| Circular pitch | 齒距 |
The distance from the center of one gear tooth to the center of the next gear tooth measured on the pitch line. 在節線上測量的從一個輪齒中心到下一個輪齒中心的距離。 |
| Length of engagement | 嚙合長度 |
It is the axial measurement within which the external and internal threads have theoretical contact. 它是外螺紋和內螺紋具有理論接觸的軸向測量。 |
| Thermodynamics laws | 熱力學定律 |
The zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. 熱力學第零、第一、第二和第三定律。 |
| Cold working | 冷加工 |
The plastic deformation of a metal, by rolling (cold rolling), drawing, forging (cold forging), etc. at a temperature well below its recrystallization temperature, which results not only in permanent shape change but also increase in strength and loss of ductility owing to work-hardening. 金屬在遠低于其再結晶溫度的溫度下通過軋制（冷軋）、拉拔、鍛造（冷鍛）等方式發生塑性變形，這不僅會導致永久的形狀變化，還會增加強度并降低延展性由于加工硬化。 |
| Waviness | 波紋度 |
Waviness is periodic deviations from geometric surface, often sinusoidal in form and often determined by low-level oscillations of the machine-tool-workpiece system during machining. Typically, wavelengths range from 1 to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 in.) and wave heights from a few to several hundred micrometers. 波紋度是與幾何表面的周期性偏差，其形式通常是正弦的，通常由機床-工件系統在加工過程中的低水平振蕩決定。通常，波長范圍為1至10毫米（0.04至0.4英寸），波高范圍為幾微米至幾百微米。 |
| Controlled cooling | 控制冷卻 |
Cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties. 以預定方式從升高的溫度冷卻，以避免硬化、開裂或內部損壞，或產生所需的微觀結構或機械性能。 |
| Barrier protection | 屏障保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide barrier protection if it merely isolates the fastener from the environment. Paint, for example, provides barrier protection. 如果僅將緊固件與環境隔離，則據說緊固件上的涂層可提供屏障保護。例如，油漆提供屏障保護。 |
| Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd) | 硬化鏡硬度值（HSc或HSd） |
A number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer dropped on the material being tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average rebound of the hammer from a quenched(to maximum hardness) and untempered AISI W5 tool steel test block. 與落在被測材料上的菱形錘的回彈高度相關的數字。通過將錘子從淬火（達到最大硬度）和未淬火的AISI W5工具鋼試塊上的平均回彈分為100個單位來測量。 |
| Tension testing | 張力測試 |
A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the metal. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. 一種確定材料在單軸載荷下的行為的方法，這種載荷傾向于拉伸金屬。將已知長度和直徑的縱向試樣夾持在兩端，并以緩慢、受控的速率拉伸，直到發生斷裂。也稱為拉伸測試。 |
| Drift pin | 沖頭 |
A round tapered steel pin used to align rivet holes so that the rivet will pass through the holes easily. 用于對齊鉚釘孔的圓形錐形鋼銷，以便鉚釘輕松穿過孔。 |
| Partial annealing | 不完全退火 |
An imprecise term used to denote a treatment given cold-worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled level or to effect stress relief. To be meaningful, the type of material, the degree of cold work, and the time-temperature schedule must be stated. 一個不精確的術語，用于表示冷加工材料的處理，以將強度降低到受控水平或消除應力。為了有意義，必須說明材料類型、冷加工程度和時間-溫度計劃。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德國標準化研究所。 |
| Screw extractor | 螺釘拔 |
A device for removing broken-off screws from threaded holes. It resembles a drill with, for broken right-hand threads, a fast (long-pitch) left-hand thread that is driven into a hole drilled in the broken screw, thus untwisting it. 從螺紋孔中去除斷裂螺釘的裝置。它類似于一個鉆頭，對于斷裂的右螺紋，一個快速（長螺距）的左螺紋被打入在斷裂螺釘上鉆的孔中，從而將其松開。 |
| Statistic | 統計 |
A summary value calculated from the observed values in a sample. 根據樣本中的觀察值計算得出的匯總值。 |
| Strain | 拉緊 |
The unit of change in the size or shape of a body due to force. Also known as nominal strain. 物體的大小或形狀因力而變化的單位。也稱為標稱應變。 |
| Pressure tap | 測壓口 |
A small hole in the wall of a pipe or pressure vessel to which is attached a tube, the other end of which is connected to one side of a pressure transducer. 管子或壓力容器壁上的小孔，與管子相連，管子的另一端與壓力傳感器的一側相連。 |
| Erosion | 侵蝕 |
Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid or solid particles. 由于固體表面與流體、多組分流體或撞擊液體或固體顆粒之間的機械相互作用，原始材料從固體表面逐漸損失。 |
| Cooling coil | 冷卻盤管 |
A simple heat exchanger consisting of a coiled tube, typically of copper or stainless steel, through which is circulated a coolant such as a refrigerant, chilled water, or water mixed with ethylene glycol. Applications include air conditioning, process cooling, and refrigeration. 一種簡單的熱交換器，由通常由銅或不銹鋼制成的盤管組成，冷卻劑如制冷劑、冷凍水或與乙二醇混合的水通過盤管循環。應用包括空調、工藝冷卻和制冷。 |
| Brake fluid | 制動液 |
The hydraulic fluid used to transmit force to the pistons in disc brakes or the wheel cylinders in drum brakes. Requirements include a high boiling point and low hygroscopy. 用于將力傳遞到盤式制動器中的活塞或鼓式制動器中的輪缸的液壓油。要求包括高沸點和低吸濕性。 |
| Tangential load (Unit N) | 切向荷載（單位：N） |
The component of load applied to an object, such as a gear, that tends to cause or resist rotation. 旋轉力施加在物體上的載荷分量，如齒輪，傾向于引起或阻止旋轉。 |
| Allotropy | 同素異形體 |
A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases, and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant constituent element. 多態性的近義詞。同素異形體通常僅限于描述元素、終端相和合金中的多晶型行為，其行為與主要組成元素的行為非常相似。 |
| Reverse pitch (Unit °) | 反向螺距（單位°） |
The pitch of a variable-pitch propeller that produces negative thrust. 產生負推力的變槳距螺旋槳的槳距。 |
| Melting point (Unit K or °C) | 熔點（單位K或°C） |
The temperature at which a solid material undergoes the phase change to a liquid at a specified pressure, usually 1 atm. Pure metals and eutectics have single-valued melting points, while alloys with other compositions melt over a range of temperature such that there is a well-defined start and end to the melting process, but there are states in between where solid and liquid are both present. 在特定壓力下，固體材料發生相變為液體的溫度，通常為1大氣壓。純金屬和共晶具有單值熔點，而具有其他成分的合金在一定溫度范圍內熔化，熔化過程有一個明確的起點和終點，但其間存在固態和液態并存的狀態。 |
| Turbine blades (turbine buckets) | 渦輪葉片 |
1. The aerofoil-shaped vanes that form the rotor and stator of a gas, steam or hydraulic turbine. 2. The cup-shaped vanes of a Pelton wheel. 1.形成燃氣、蒸汽或水力渦輪機的轉子和定子的翼型葉片。2.沖擊輪的杯形葉片。 |
| Angle of contact | 接觸角 |
(Unit °) The angle subtended at the centre of a pulley or sprocket wheel by the circumferential contact of a belt or chain. （單位°）皮帶或鏈條的圓周接觸在皮帶輪或鏈輪的中心所對的角度。 |
| Total-loss lubrication | 全損耗潤滑 |
A system in which the lubricating oil for an internal-combustion engine is burned together with the fuel. 內燃機潤滑油與燃料一起燃燒的系統。 |
| Meyer hardness (Unit Pa) | 邁耶硬度（單位Pa） |
A material hardness similar to the Brinell hardness but based upon the projected area of the impression rather than the surface area. 與布氏硬度相似的材料硬度，但基于印模的投影面積而不是表面面積。 |
| Conditioning heat treatment | 調質熱處理 |
A preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified. 用于制備材料的初步熱處理，以便對隨后的熱處理進行所需的反應。為了使該術語有意義，必須指定確切的熱處理。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕變斷裂強度（單位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金屬和聚合物蠕變試驗結束時的斷裂應力，通常與時間作圖以給出應力-斷裂曲線。 |
| High-tensile bolt | 高強度螺栓 |
(high-tension bolt) A bolt manufactured from an alloy steel that has a high tensile strength of about 1 GPa. （高壓螺栓）由合金鋼制成的螺栓，具有約1GPa的高抗拉強度。 |
| Gas compressor | 氣體壓縮機 |
A machine which draws in a gas at low pressure and delivers it at high pressure, usually accompanied by a temperature increase. Compressor designs include axial, centrifugal, diaphragm, reciprocating, and rotary (including the blade compressor). 一種在低壓下吸入氣體并在高壓下輸送氣體的機器，通常伴隨著溫度升高。壓縮機設計包括軸流式、離心式、隔膜式、往復式和旋轉式（包括葉片式壓縮機）。 |
| Temper embrittlement | 回火脆化 |
Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature but only rarely produces a low value of reduction in area in a smooth-bar tension test of the embrittled material. The anomalous reduction in toughness of martensitic stainless steels when tempered in the range 370–600°C. Embrittlement of alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. 當某些鋼保持在低于轉變范圍的某一溫度范圍內或緩慢冷卻時產生的脆性。脆性表現為延性到脆性轉變溫度的向上移動，但在脆性材料的平滑棒材拉伸試驗中，很少產生較小的面積減小值。馬氏體不銹鋼在370–600°C范圍內回火時的韌性異常降低。合金鋼的脆化是由于在低于轉變范圍的溫度范圍內保持或緩慢冷卻而引起的。脆化是雜質（如砷、銻、磷和錫）在晶界處偏析的結果；它通常表現為韌脆轉變溫度的上升。回火脆化可以通過在臨界溫度范圍以上重新回火，然后快速冷卻來逆轉。 |
| Standard hole | 標準孔 |
A hole in a workpiece bored to a specified tolerance where clearance with a shaft is accomplished by allowance on the shaft. A standard shaft is machined to a specified tolerance where clearance with a hole is accomplished by allowance on the hole. 工件上的孔，鉆孔至規定公差，其中與軸的間隙通過軸上的余量來實現。標準軸加工至規定公差，其中與孔的間隙通過孔上的公差實現。 |
| Transverse direction | 橫向 |
Literally, the “across” direction, usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse, and the direction through the thickness, short transverse. 從字面上看，“橫穿”方向，通常表示與工作方向垂直的方向或平面。在軋制鋼板或薄板中，橫跨寬度的方向通常稱為長橫向，穿過厚度的方向稱為短橫向。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通過適當的處理增加硬度，通常包括加熱和冷卻。適用時，應使用以下更具體的術語：時效硬化、火焰硬化、感應硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Honing | 珩磨 |
Honing is a controlled, low-speed sizing and surface-finishing process in which stock is removed by the shearing action to the bonded abrasive grains of a honing stone, or stick. Finish polishing of surfaces and cutting edges in which very fine abrasive powders, such as rouge, are employed. Honing is usually applied to cylindrical surfaces and lapping to flat, but the usage is not consistent. 珩磨是一種受控的低速尺寸和表面精加工工藝，其中通過對珩磨石或棒的粘結磨粒的剪切作用去除原料。表面和切削刃的精拋光，其中使用了非常細的研磨粉，例如胭脂。珩磨通常用于圓柱面，研磨至平面，但用法并不一致。 |
| Degrees of freedom | 自由度 |
The number of independent variables (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration within the phases present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely. 可以隨意改變而不引起平衡時合金系統相變的自變量的數量（例如存在的相內的溫度、壓力或濃度）；或必須任意固定以完全定義系統的此類變量的數量。 |
| Finishing washer | 光制墊圈 |
A washer designed for use with countersunk screws. Used to enhance appearance in some applications. 設計用于沉頭螺釘的墊圈。在某些應用中用于增強外觀。 |
| Fastener with reduced shank | 短柄緊固件 |
Finished fastener with a shank diameter of ds ≈ d2. 柄徑為ds≈d2的緊固件。 |
| Charles law/Charles' law | 查爾斯定律 |
(Gay–Lussac law) The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. （蓋-呂薩克定律）在恒定壓力下，固定質量氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。恒壓下氣體的體積與其絕對溫度成正比。 |
| Ferritizing anneal | 鐵素體化退火 |
A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be specified. 給予鑄態灰鐵或球墨鑄鐵以產生基本鐵素體基體的處理。為了使該術語有意義，必須指定所需的最終微觀結構或使用的時間-溫度循環。 |
| Grinding | 研磨 |
1. A process of high-speed multiple scratching of surfaces by a wheel formed from hard grits and a binder which are progressively exposed as the binder wears away. It is a process of micromachining employed particularly in accurate finishing operations on hard materials. 2. A form of comminution. 1.一種通過由硬砂礫和粘合劑形成的輪對表面進行高速多次刮擦的方法，所述硬砂礫和粘結劑隨著粘合劑的磨損而逐漸暴露。這是一種微機械加工工藝，特別適用于硬材料的精確精加工操作。2.一種粉碎形式。 |
| Gear pump | 齒輪泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in which fluid is pumped by meshing gears, one driven and the other an idler gear, on parallel axes within a closed casing. 一種容積式泵，其中流體由嚙合齒輪泵送，在封閉外殼內的平行軸上一個驅動，另一個為空套齒輪。 |
| Hysteresis | 滯后 |
The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material is subjected to repeated loading. 當材料經受重復加載時，在任何加載或卸載循環期間發生的永久吸收或損失能量的現象。 |
| Thread grinding | 螺紋磨削 |
A method for producing or finishing very precise screw threads using a profiled grinding wheel. 一種使用異形砂輪生產或精加工非常精密螺紋的方法。 |
| Combustion | 燃燒氧化 |
An exothermic chemical reaction in which a fuel and an oxidant, typically air, react together to release a significant quantity of thermal energy in the presence of a flame. In the case of fluid fuels, ignition may be from an electric spark or compression of the 一種放熱化學反應，其中燃料和氧化劑（通常是空氣）一起反應，在火焰存在的情況下釋放大量熱能。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴重損失。多種形式的脆化可導致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務期間，可能會出現多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環境條件而脆化（環境輔助脆化）。環境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態金屬脆化和應力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Edge distance | 邊距 |
The distance from the edge of a bearing specimen to the center of the hole in the direction of applied force. 在作用力方向上，從軸承試樣的邊緣到孔中心的距離。 |
| Electrode | 電極 |
The two metallic bodies in a battery or Corrosion cell which give up electrons (the Anode) or which attract them (the Cathode). 電池或腐蝕電池中釋放電子（陽極）或吸引電子（陰極）的兩個金屬體。 |
| Crank angle (Unit °) | 曲柄角度（單位°） |
The angle between the crank of a slider-crank mechanism and a line from the crankshaft centreline to the piston axis. 曲柄滑塊機構的曲柄與曲軸中心線到活塞軸線的直線之間的角度。 |
| Humidify | 加濕 |
To add water vapour to air or another gas to increase its humidity. 將水蒸氣添加到空氣或其他氣體中以增加其濕度。 |
| Fillister head | 槽頭 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 類似于盤頭，但頭部直徑較小，頭部較高，垂直邊較高。 |
| Torsional stress | 扭轉應力 |
The shear stress on a transverse cross section resulting from a twisting action. 扭轉作用在橫截面上產生的剪切應力。 |
| Critical compression ratio | 臨界壓縮比 |
1. The compression ratio for incipient knock of hydrocarbon fuels as determined in a variable-compression single-cylinder piston engine. 2. The compression ratio at which an air–fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite due to the temperature increase produced. 1.在可變壓縮單缸活塞發動機中確定的烴類燃料初期爆震的壓縮比。2.空氣-燃料混合物由于產生的溫度升高而自燃的壓縮比。 |
| Anti-freeze | 防凍液 |
A substance such as ethylene glycol added to the cooling system of a watercooled engine to lower the freezing point of the cooling water and also inhibit the formation of rust and other deposits. 一種物質，如乙二醇，添加到水冷發動機的冷卻系統中，以降低冷卻水的冰點，并抑制生銹和其他沉積物的形成。 |
| Quench hardening | 淬火硬化 |
(1) Hardening suitable alpha-beta alloys (most often certain copper to titanium alloys) by solution treating and quenching to develop a martensitic-like structure. (2) In ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite transforms to martensite. （1）通過固溶處理和淬火硬化合適的α-β合金（通常是某些銅-鈦合金），以形成類似馬氏體的結構。（2）在鐵合金中，通過奧氏體化硬化，然后以一定速度冷卻，使大量奧氏體轉變為馬氏體。 |
| Hot stamping | 熱沖壓 |
Hot forging of brass and bronze alloys. 黃銅和青銅合金的熱鍛。 |
| Transgranular | 穿晶 |
Through or across crystals or grains. Also known as intracrystalline or transcrystalline. 穿過或橫穿晶體或顆粒。也稱為晶內或晶間。 |
| Captive nut | 松脫螺母 |
A nut attached loosely or rigidly to a sheet member that is too thin to thread and which engages with a cap screw. 松脫地或剛性地連接到薄板構件上的螺母，該螺母太薄而無法擰入，并與帶帽螺釘接合。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 產生過大奧氏體晶粒的熱處理。 |
| Thermoelectric junction | 熱電結 |
A welded, soldered, or twisted connection between the ends of two wires of dissimilar metals, as in a thermocouple. 兩根不同金屬線的末端之間的焊接、錫焊或絞合連接，如熱電偶。 |
| Differential heating | 差動加熱 |
Heating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object. 加熱有意在物體內產生溫度梯度，從而在冷卻后，在物體內出現所需的應力分布或特性變化。 |
| Structural analysis | 結構分析 |
The determination of the forces, displacements, stresses, and strains in a given structure. 確定給定結構中的力、位移、應力和應變。 |
| SI system | SI國際單位制 |
SI is an abbreviation of Système International d’Unités, i.e., the international unit measurement system – an internationally established system of measurement units built on older metric systems. SI是Système International d‘Unités的縮寫，即國際單位計量系統——一種基于舊公制的國際公認計量單位系統。 |
| Tensioner | 張緊器 |
A hydraulic tool used to tighten a fastener by stretching it rather than by applying a substantial torque to the nut. After the tension has stretched the bolt or stud, the nut is run down against the joint with a modest torque, and the tensioner is disengaged from the fastener. The nut holds the stretch produced by the tensioner. 一種液壓工具，用于通過拉伸緊固件而不是對螺母施加較大扭矩來擰緊緊固件。張力拉伸螺栓或螺柱后，以適當的扭矩將螺母向下壓靠接頭，張緊器與緊固件分離。螺母保持張緊器產生的拉伸。 |
| Oil hardening | 油回火 |
The formation of martensite before tempering by quenching suitable steels in oil at lower cooling rates than given by water quenching, thus reducing the likelihood of component fracture or severe residual stresses. Quench-hardening treatment involving cooling in oil. 通過在油中以低于水淬的冷卻速率淬火合適的鋼，在回火前形成馬氏體，從而降低部件斷裂或嚴重殘余應力的可能性。是一種淬火硬化處理，包括在油中冷卻。 |
| Punch | 沖床 |
1. A hand tool with a sharp point, used to mark the position of a hole centre in a workpiece prior to drilling. 2. A flat-ended tool with sharp edges, used to shear out a hole in a plate that is supported underneath on a die having a slightly larger same-shaped orifice. 1.一種帶有尖頭的手動工具，用于在鉆孔前標記工件中孔中心的位置。2.一種具有銳邊的平頭工具，用于剪切板上的孔，該板支撐在具有稍大相同形狀孔口的模具下方。 |
| Spalling | 剝落 |
The separation of macroscopic particles from a surface in the form of flakes or chips. 以薄片或碎片形式從表面分離宏觀顆粒。 |
| Brine quenching | 鹽水淬火 |
A quench in which brine (salt water-chlorides, carbonates, and cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process. 一種淬火，其中鹽水（鹽水-氯化物、碳酸鹽和氰化物）是淬火介質。添加鹽提高了水在淬火過程的氣相或熱階段的效率。 |
| Electroplating | 電鍍 |
Deposition of one metal on to another using electrolysis. The metal to be plated forms the cathode in an electrolytic cell, and the metal to be deposited forms the anode. 使用電解將一種金屬沉積到另一種金屬上。待鍍金屬形成電解池中的陰極，待沉積金屬形成陽極。 |
| Bright annealing | 光亮退火 |
Annealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護介質中退火以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| O-ring (O-ring seal) | O形圈（O形密封圈） |
A toroidal ring of synthetic rubber seated in a groove machined into a flat or cylindrical surface to act as a seal. 一種環形合成橡膠環，位于加工成平面或圓柱表面的凹槽中，起密封作用。 |
| Initial preload | 初始預載 |
The tension created in a single bolt as it is tightened. Will usually be modified by subsequent assembly operations or by in-service loads and conditions. 擰緊單個螺栓時產生的張力。通常會通過后續的裝配操作或在役負載和條件進行修改。 |
| Two-phase flow | 兩相流 |
A flow in which two phases are present, for example gas bubbles in a liquid, liquid bubbles in another liquid with which it is immiscible, solid particles in a liquid or gas. 兩相流動，例如液體中的氣泡、與之不混溶的另一種液體中的液體氣泡、液體或氣體中的固體顆粒。 |
| Secondary hardening | 二次硬化 |
The process whereby some low-alloy steels, quenched to produce martensite, produce fine precipitates when tempered above 550°C, which inhibit dislocation motion and reverse the trend towards lower strength at higher tempering temperatures. 某些低合金鋼經淬火產生馬氏體，在550°C以上回火時產生細小沉淀的過程，這抑制了位錯運動，扭轉了在較高回火溫度下強度降低的趨勢。 |
| Decalescence | 退色 |
A phenomenon, associated with the transformation of alpha iron to gamma iron on the heating (superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darkening of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation. 一種現象，與鐵或鋼加熱（過熱）時α鐵向γ鐵的轉變有關，由于轉變潛熱的快速吸收導致溫度突然降低，金屬表面變黑。 |
| Hardness profile | 硬度分布 |
Hardness as a function of distance from a fixed reference point (usually from the surface). 硬度作為距固定參考點（通常距表面）的距離的函數。 |
| Lockbolt | 鎖緊螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上類似于螺栓的緊固件，但與環槽（而不是螺紋）接合的軸環（而不是螺母）。套環在陽緊固件上的凹槽上鍛造，以產生預緊力。 |
| Pascal’s law | 帕斯卡定律 |
When there is a change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid at rest, there is an equal change at every other point in the fluid volume. 當處于靜止狀態的受限流體中任何一點的壓力發生變化時，流體體積中的每一點的變化都相等。 |
| Maximum allowable working pressure (Unit Pa) | 最大允許工作壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure on which the design of a pressure system is based and the highest pressure at which relief valves should be set. The lowest-rated component in the system typically has a design safety factor of 4. 壓力系統設計所依據的壓力和應設置安全閥的最高壓力。系統中最低額定部件的設計安全系數通常為4。 |
| Kilo (k) | 千（k） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 103; thus kilometre (km) is a unit of length equal to one thousand metres. 表示乘法器103的SI單位前綴；1千米是長度單位，等于1000米。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效應 |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金屬件的尺寸對其機械和其他性能以及對制造變量（如鍛造、壓下和熱處理）的影響。一般來說，尺寸越大，機械性能越低。 |
| Standardization | 標準化 |
1. National and international agreements for design, manufacture, materials, performance, practices, requirements, strength, etc. which ensure common results wherever an item is made and wherever used. 2. The manufacture of components so that interchangeability of parts during assembly of new, or repair of old, items is possible without ‘fitting’. 1.關于設計、制造、材料、性能、慣例、要求、強度等的國家和國際協議，確保在任何地方制造和使用物品都能產生共同結果。2.部件的制造，以便在裝配新部件或維修舊部件時，無需“裝配”即可實現部件的互換性。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數 |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無量綱參數，將墊圈的質量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數的函數。 |
| Static equilibrium | 靜態平衡 |
A solid body, structure, or physical system (or any subdivided part) will be in static equilibrium, either at rest or moving with constant velocity, if the resultants of all external forces and moments acting on it are zero. 如果作用在固體上的所有外力和力矩的合力為零，則固體、結構或物理系統（或任何細分部分）無論是靜止還是以恒定速度移動，都是處于靜態平衡。 |
| Actual value | 實際價值 |
The output of a plant that is being controlled, i.e. the controlled variable. Not directly accessible by the control system, as it can only be measured by a sensor which may distort the measurement. 受控設備的輸出，即受控變量。控制系統不能直接訪問，因為它只能由可能會扭曲測量結果的傳感器測量。 |
| Allowable stress design | 許用應力設計 |
A design procedure developed for the AISC by the Research Council on Structural Connections. Purposely underestimates the strengths of bolts and joint materials to introduce safety factors into the design of structural steel joints. It is an alternative to the more recently defined load and resistance factor design procedure. 結構連接研究委員會為AISC制定的設計程序。故意低估螺栓和接頭材料的強度，以便在結構鋼接頭的設計中引入安全系數。它是最近定義的荷載和阻力系數設計程序的替代方法。 |
| Stress difference (Unit Pa) | 應力差（單位Pa） |
The algebraic difference between the largest and least principal stresses in a loaded body, equal to twice the greatest shear stress in the system. For σ1 > σ2 > σ3, it is given by (σ1 ? σ3). 載荷體中最大和最小主應力之間的代數差，等于系統中最大剪應力的兩倍。由（σ1? σ3).，可得σ1＞σ2＞σ3。 |
| Rotary valve (rotating valve) | 旋轉閥 |
A cylindrical or conical plug in which there is a transverse hole through which fluid can flow when the hole is aligned with the adjacent piping. 一種圓柱形或錐形塞，其中有一個橫向孔，當該孔與相鄰管道對齊時，流體可通過該孔流動。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺桿壓縮機 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一種容積式旋轉壓縮機，其中氣體由兩個相互嚙合、反向旋轉的螺旋螺桿逐漸壓縮。 |
| Fracture strength | 斷裂強度 |
(fracture stress) (Unit Pa) The stress at which a material breaks. It is not absolute for a given material, as it depends on the laws of fracture mechanics and is size-dependent. （斷裂應力）（單位Pa）材料斷裂時的應力。對于給定的材料，它不是絕對的，因為它取決于斷裂力學定律，并且取決于尺寸。 |
| Transmissibility | 傳遞率 |
The ratio of the transmitted force to the disturbing force for a system subjected to a vibratory disturbance. The ratio may also be defined in terms of displacements, velocities, or accelerations. 受到振動干擾的系統的傳遞力與干擾力之比。該比率也可以用位移、速度或加速度來定義。 |
| Elastic energy | 彈性能 |
The amount of energy required to deform a material within its elastic range of behavior, neglecting small heat losses due to internal friction. The energy absorbed by a specimen per unit volume of material contained within the gage length being tested. It is determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain curve up to a specified elastic strain. See also modulus of resilience and strain energy. 材料在其彈性行為范圍內變形所需的能量，忽略因內耗引起的小熱損失。試樣在被測標距內每單位體積材料吸收的能量。它是通過測量應力-應變曲線下達到規定彈性應變的面積來確定的。另見彈性模量和應變能。 |
| Slot | 狹槽 |
A groove machined into a component, e.g. to allow for thermal expansion, or in which the tongue or tip of another component can fit or slide. 在部件上加工的凹槽，例如，允許熱膨脹，或另一部件的榫舌或尖端可在其中安裝或滑動。 |
| Burning | 燃燒化 |
(1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See overheating, grain-boundary liquation. (2) In grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. （1）通過加熱導致初期熔化或晶間氧化而永久損壞金屬或合金。參見過熱、晶界液化。（2）在磨削過程中，使工件熱到足以引起變色或通過回火或硬化改變微觀結構。 |
| Stress-relaxation curve | 應力松弛曲線 |
A plot of the remaining, or relaxed, stress in a stress-relaxation test as a function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the remaining stress. Also known as a stress-time curve. 應力松弛試驗中剩余應力或松弛應力隨時間變化的曲線圖。松弛應力等于初始應力減去剩余應力。也稱為應力-時間曲線。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規 |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測量螺栓應力或應變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Metallurgy | 冶金 |
The study of the atomic, crystallographic, microstructural, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic elements and alloys and their applications. 研究金屬元素和合金的原子、晶體學、微觀結構、機械和物理特性及其應用。 |
| Slip line | 滑移線 |
The trace of the slip plane on a viewing surface; the trace is usually observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation. The usual observation on metal crystals (under the light microscope) is of a cluster of slip lines known as a slip band. 滑動平面在觀察表面上的軌跡；只有在變形前對表面進行拋光，才能觀察到痕跡。通常對金屬晶體的觀察（在光學顯微鏡下）是一組稱為滑移帶的滑移線。 |
| Interrupted quenching | 間斷淬火 |
A quenching procedure in which the workpiece is removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a different cooling rate than the first. 在該淬火過程中，工件在顯著高于淬火劑的溫度下從第一次淬火中取出，然后經受具有不同于第一次淬火的冷卻速率的第二次淬火系統。 |
| Elongation | 伸張率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 機械測試中使用的術語，用于描述試樣在受力時的延伸量。 |
| Load factor (F) | 負載系數（F） |
The ratio between an increase in bolt tension and the external load which has caused the increase. Factors reflecting the probability of an increase in load in a shear joint. Used in load and resistant factor design. 螺栓張力增加與導致增加的外部載荷之間的比率。反映剪切接縫中荷載增加概率的系數。用于載荷和阻力系數設計。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤頂 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一種起重裝置（千斤頂），由螺母和方形螺紋軸組成，其頂部為承重墊。螺母的旋轉可升高或降低襯墊。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Load ratio, R | 負載比R |
In fatigue, the algebraic ratio of the minimum to maximum load in a fatigue cycle, that is, R = Pmin/Pmax. Also known as stress ratio. 在疲勞中，疲勞循環中最小載荷與最大載荷的代數比，即 R= Pmin/Pmax。也稱為應力比。 |
| Thermal shock | 熱沖擊 |
The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a structure. 在結構內形成陡峭的溫度梯度和伴隨的高應力。 |
| Plane stress | 平面應力 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet. Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45° to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學中厚度方向上的應力為零的應力條件；在沿著平行于薄片表面的方向加載非常薄的薄片時最接近。在平面應力條件下，斷裂失穩平面與主拉應力軸傾斜45°。 |
| Acoustic separation | 聲學分離 |
?(Unit m) The separation of particles in a fluid using standing acoustic waves, typically ultrasound, to drive them to nodal points (acoustic particle concentration). （單位m）使用駐聲波（通常是超聲波）將流體中的粒子分離，以將它們驅動到節點（聲學粒子濃度）。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英熱單位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103?J. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量單位，定義為將68°F的一磅純水的溫度升高1°F所需的能量。轉換為SI為1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| T-bolt | T型螺栓 |
A threaded bolt having a square or rectangular end which fits into the T slot of a machine table for clamping workpieces. 一種帶有方形或矩形端頭的螺栓，可嵌入機床工作臺的T形槽中，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個通用術語，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學成分，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| Planar anisotropy | 平面異向性 |
A variation in physical and/or mechanical properties with respect to direction within the plane of material in sheet form. 在片狀材料平面內，物理和/或機械性能相對于方向的變化。 |
| Bolt blank | 螺栓毛坯 |
A rod on which a head has been formed, but on which no thread has been cut, from which bolts or screws may be made as required. 一種已形成頭部但未切割螺紋的桿，可根據需要從中制造螺栓或螺釘。 |
| Machine tool | 機床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一種動力機器，如鉆孔機、磨床、車床、銑床或刨床，用于切割和成形金屬、塑料、復合材料等（機加工）。加工中心是圍繞多個軸工作的CNC機床，具有刀具庫存和自動換刀能力，能夠在自動化控制下進行各種加工操作。 |
| Slip band | 滑帶 |
A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to appear as a single line when observed under an optical microscope. 一組平行滑移線，間距如此之近，以至于在光學顯微鏡下觀察時顯示為一條直線。 |
| Retaining clip | 固定夾 |
(R-clip, hair cotter pin) A wire clip roughly with the shape of the letter R. The straight part of the clip passes through a hole drilled into a shaft or rod such that a wheel is held in position on the shaft, or the shaft is prevented from moving axially. （R形夾，開口銷）大致與字母R形狀相同的線夾。線夾的直線部分穿過鉆在軸或桿上的孔，從而將車輪固定在軸上，或防止軸軸向移動。 |
| Acceleration-error constant | 加速度誤差常數 |
When the reference (demand) input to a control system is parabolic, the output signal will also be parabolic in steady state. The signal that is constant in this situation is the acceleration and thus for a parabolic input the steady-state error, referred to as the acceleration-error constant, is the error in the acceleration. 當控制系統的參考（需求）輸入是拋物線時，輸出信號在穩定狀態下也將是拋物線。在這種情況下恒定的信號是加速度，因此對于拋物線輸入，稱為加速度誤差常數的穩態誤差是加速度中的誤差。 |
| Grinding stress (Unit Pa) | 磨削應力（單位Pa） |
The residual stresses left in the surface of a component after grinding, owing to non-uniform cooling from the high surface temperatures produced. 由于產生的高表面溫度造成的不均勻冷卻，磨削后留在部件表面的殘余應力。 |
| Toughness (Unit J/m2) | 韌性（單位：J/m2） |
The ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. 1. The ability of a material to resist crack initiation and propagation. 2. The ability of a material to absorb strain energy without fracturing. 金屬在破裂前吸收能量和塑性變形的能力。1.材料抵抗裂紋萌生和擴展的能力。2.材料在不發生斷裂的情況下吸收應變能的能力。 |
| Net weight (Unit N) | 凈重（單位：N） |
The difference between the gross weight of any container including its contents and the tare weight of the empty container. 任何容器（包括其內容物）的毛重與空容器皮重之間的差值。 |
| Torque (T) (Unit N.m) | 扭矩（T）（單位：N.m） |
The twisting moment, product of force and wrench length, applied to a nut or bolt (for example). The twisting moment of a force or couple about an axis which results in torsion. 施加在螺母或螺栓（例如）上的扭矩，是力和扳手長度的乘積。力或力偶繞軸產生扭轉的力矩。 |
| Minor diameter | 螺紋小徑 |
On a straight thread, the diameter of the imaginary cylinder which just touches the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread. 在直螺紋上，僅接觸外螺紋根部或內螺紋頂部的假想圓柱體的直徑。 |
| Hydrogen embrittlement | 氫脆 |
A condition of low toughness, low ductility or cracking in metals resulting from the absorption of hydrogen. A common and troublesome form of Stress cracking. Several theories have been proposed to explain hydrogen embrittlement, but, at present, the exact mechanism is still unknown. What is known, however, is the fact that if hydrogen is trapped in a bolt by poor electroplating practices, it can encourage stress cracking. Bolts can fail, suddenly and unexpectedly, under normal loads. Premature crack growth over time under tensile stress leading to unexpected failure in certain metals, caused by small amounts of hydrogen in the microstructure. Hydrogen may enter steels during melting or heat treating, or during processes such as electroplating. 因吸收氫而導致金屬韌性低、延展性低或開裂的情況，是一種常見且麻煩的應力開裂形式。在拉伸應力下，裂紋隨時間過早擴展，導致某些金屬發生意外失效，這是由微觀結構中的少量氫引起的。在熔化或熱處理過程中，或在電鍍等過程中，氫可能進入鋼中。已經提出了幾種理論來解釋氫脆，但目前，確切的機理仍然未知。已知的事實是，如果氫因電鍍不當而被困在螺栓中，則會導致應力開裂。在正常載荷下，螺栓可能突然意外失效。 |
| Austenite finish temperature (Af) | 奧氏體完成溫度（Af） |
Temperature at which the transformation of martensite into austenite completes upon heating. The same designation is also applied to nonferrous alloys in which martensite transforms into some parent phase. 加熱時馬氏體轉變為奧氏體的溫度。相同的名稱也適用于馬氏體轉變為某些母相的有色合金。 |
| Crest of screw thread | 螺紋牙頂 |
The top surface joining the two sides of flanks of a thread. 連接螺紋牙側兩側的頂面。 |
| Rotational joint (revolute joint) | 旋轉關節 |
In robotics, a single degree-of-freedom joint where the controlled variable is the joint angle. 在機器人技術中，一種單自由度關節，其中受控變量為關節角度。 |
| Thermal stresses | 熱應力 |
Stresses in metal resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. 由不均勻溫度分布引起的金屬應力。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機械裝置，杠桿打開和關閉縱向分開的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Supercooling | 過冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在沒有實際獲得相變的情況下，冷卻到可以發生平衡相變的溫度以下。 |
| Elastic resilience | 彈性回彈 |
The amount of energy absorbed in stressing a material up to the elastic limit; or, the amount of energy that can be recovered when stress is released from the elastic limit. 向材料施加應力直至彈性極限所吸收的能量；或者當應力從彈性極限釋放時可以恢復的能量值。 |
| Concentrated solar power plant (CSP plant) | 聚光太陽能發電廠（CSP發電廠） |
A power plant in which solar radiation is concentrated using mirrors or lenses, typically using parabolic trough mirrors which focus solar radiation on to receiver tubes along the trough’s focal line. In an alternative arrangement molten salt, heated by solar receivers mounted on a tower, is circulated through a steam generator. 使用鏡子或透鏡集中太陽輻射的發電廠，通常使用拋物面槽鏡，將太陽輻射沿著槽的焦線聚焦到接收管上。在另一種布置中，由安裝在塔上的太陽能接收器加熱的熔鹽通過蒸汽發生器循環。 |
| Atomizing humidifier | 霧化加濕器 |
A humidifier that functions by spraying fine droplets of water into an airstream. 一種加濕器，通過將細小的水滴噴射到氣流中來發揮作用。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷凍過程中形成的碳化物，是參與鐵合金共晶反應的互不溶相之一。 |
| Nominal size | 公稱尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 組件的預期尺寸。實際尺寸取決于制造公差。 |
| Elastic deformation | 彈性變形 |
A change in dimensions directly proportional to and in phase with an increase or decrease in applied force. 尺寸的變化與施加的力的增加或減少成正比并同相。 |
| Flame hardening | 火焰硬化 |
A process for hardening the surfaces of hardenable ferrous alloys in which an intense flame is used to heat the surface layers above the upper transformation temperature, whereupon the workpiece is immediately quenched. 一種用于硬化可硬化鐵合金表面的工藝，其中使用強烈的火焰將表面層加熱到轉變溫度上限以上，然后立即對工件進行淬火。 |
| Imperial system | 英制單位體系 |
The units of measurement developed in the UK. Formerly known as the fps system, which is an abbreviation for the ‘foot-pound-second system of units. 英國開發的計量單位。以前稱為fps系統，是“英尺-磅-秒（foot-pound-second）單位制”的縮寫。 |
| Computer-aided design (CAD) | 計算機輔助設計（CAD） |
Generally, design and calculations performed by computer; more specifically, the use of computer graphics and models to communicate design concepts. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is where component dimensions resulting from CAD are passed by electronic means directly to machines for manufacture. 一般由計算機進行設計和計算，更具體地說，使用計算機圖形和模型來傳達設計概念。計算機輔助設計和計算機輔助制造（CAD/CAM）是由CAD產生的組件尺寸通過電子方式直接傳遞到機器進行制造。 |
| Forced-air quench | 強制空氣淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用壓縮空氣沖擊相對較小的零件（例如齒輪）進行的淬火。 |
| Flat head | 平頭 |
Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface. 平頂表面和錐形軸承表面。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式電極爐 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一種通過使用浸入陶瓷襯里中的電極加熱熔融鹽浴對零件進行液體滲碳的爐。 |
| Plastic deformation | 塑性變形 |
The permanent (inelastic) distortion of a material under applied stress that strains the material beyond its elastic limit. 材料在施加應力下的永久（非彈性）變形，使材料應變超過其彈性極限。 |
| Turboblower | 渦輪鼓風機 |
A centrifugal or axial compressor or fan. 離心式或軸流式壓縮機或風扇。 |
| Finishing temperature | 終軋溫度 |
The temperature at which hot working is completed. 完成熱加工的溫度。 |
| Elastic recovery | 彈性恢復 |
Amount the dimension of a stressed elastic material returns to its original (unstressed) dimension on release of an applied load. In hardness testing, the shortening of the original dimensions of the indentation upon release of the applied load. 在釋放施加的載荷時，受應力彈性材料的尺寸恢復到其原始（無應力）尺寸的量。在硬度測試中，當釋放所施加的載荷時，壓痕的原始尺寸縮短。 |
| Thermal electromotive force | 熱電動勢 |
The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. 當一個結處于不同于另一個結的溫度時，在含有兩種不同金屬的電路中產生的電動勢。 |
| Turbomolecular pump | 渦輪分子泵 |
A high-vacuum (pressure down to about 10?8?Pa) pump in which momentum is transferred to the gas molecules by a rapidly rotating bladed disc. 高真空（壓力降至約10?8Pa）泵，其中動量通過快速旋轉的葉片盤傳遞給氣體分子。 |
| Bypass flow meter | 旁通流量計 |
(shunt flow meter) A flow meter installed in a pipework bypass which may itself be part of the flow meter. An orifice plate is used to ensure a fraction of the main flow passes through the bypass. （分流流量計）安裝在管道旁路中的流量計，它本身可能是流量計的一部分。孔板用于確保一部分主流通過旁路。 |
| Indentation hardness | 壓痕硬度 |
The resistance of a material to indentation as determined by hardness testing. The indenter, which may be spherical or diamond shaped, is pressed into the surface of a metal under specified load for a given time. (Unit Pa or, non-SI, kgf/mm2) A measurement of hardness taken by means of an indenter, pressed into a material by a load, which makes a permanent impression. The hardness is given by the load divided by the projected (sometimes surface) area of the indentation. Plasticity theory shows that the hardness is about 2.5–3 times the uniaxial yield stress. 通過硬度測試確定的材料抗壓痕的能力。壓頭可以是球形或菱形，在規定的載荷下壓入金屬表面一段時間。（單位Pa或，非國際單位制，kgf/mm2）通過壓頭測量硬度，壓入材料，形成永久壓痕。硬度由載荷除以壓痕的投影（有時是表面）面積得出。塑性理論表明，硬度約為單軸屈服應力的2.5–3倍。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表觀接觸面積 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦學中，兩個固體表面之間的接觸區域由其宏觀界面的邊界定義。 |
| Compression ratio | 壓縮率 |
The volume of a combustion chamber with the piston at the top of its stroke as a proportion of the total volume of the cylinder with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. For a piston engine, if the swept volume is?SW?and the clearance volume is?CL, the compression ratio is given by (?SW?+?CL)/CL, i.e. it is a volume ratio rather than a pressure ratio. 活塞位于其沖程頂部的燃燒室的容積與活塞位于其沖程底部的氣缸總體積的比例。對于活塞發動機，如果掃氣量為SW，間隙容積為CL，則壓縮比由(SW+CL)/CL給出，即它是體積比而不是壓力比。 |
| Stress-intensity factor | 應力強度因子 |
A scaling factor, usually denoted by the symbol K, used in linear-elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation in any structure containing a crack, the factor is called the critical stress-intensity factor, or the fracture toughness. 一種標度因子，通常用符號K表示，在線彈性斷裂力學中用于描述已知尺寸和形狀的裂紋尖端施加應力的增強。在任何含有裂紋的結構中，裂紋快速擴展開始時，該因子稱為臨界應力強度因子，或斷裂韌性。 |
| Stress–strain curve | 應力-應變曲線 |
(stress–strain diagram) A plot of stress vs strain for a solid material obtained from a test in which a specimen is loaded in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof. Diagrams of true stress vs true strain deviate from those of nominal stress vs nominal strain only at large strains where appreciable changes in cross section of testpieces occur. （應力-應變圖）從試驗中獲得的固體材料的應力與應變圖，其中試樣在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或其組合中加載。只有在試件橫截面發生明顯變化的大應變下，真實應力與真實應變圖與標稱應力與標稱應變圖不同。 |
| Intergranular cracking | 沿晶斷裂 |
Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the grains or crystals in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline cracking. 多晶聚集體中的晶粒或晶體之間發生的開裂或斷裂。也稱為晶間斷裂。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小負載（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲勞中，循環中施加載荷的最小代數值。 |
| Face | 表平面 |
To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. 在車床上加工一個垂直于旋轉軸的平面。 |
| Fretting fatigue | 微動疲勞 |
Fatigue fracture that initiate at a surface area where fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises from fretting. 在發生微動的表面區域開始的疲勞斷裂。由微動引起的對固體表面的漸進性損壞。 |
| Calorie | 卡路里 |
(cal, gram calorie, small calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 4.186 8 J. It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure airfree water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C at standard atmospheric pressure. （卡，克熱量，小熱量）一種已被淘汰的（即非SI）能量單位，等于4.1868J。它是在標準大氣壓力下將1克純無空氣水的溫度從14.5℃升高到15.5℃所需的能量。 |
| Hardness test | 硬度測試 |
1. Any of various tests in which different hard indenters are forced into the surface of a solid under different loads to give permanent impressions, the pressure to cause which being called the hardness. The Brinell test employs a spherical indenter; the Vickers test a square-based pyramid. The relation between indentation hardness H and uniaxial yield stress Y is approximately H = (2.5 ~ 3.0)Y. Originally hardnesses were given in kg/mm2 but now are often given in Pa. 2. The tests for scratch and file hardness relate either to one material being able to mark another (Mohs hardness scale for minerals), or to the size of groove produced by a rigid indenter slid under load across a surface. 3. Rebound hardness concerns the height of rebound of a dropped indenter, or an indenter at the end of a pivoted arm, having struck a surface. 1.任何一種試驗，其中不同的硬壓頭在不同載荷下壓入固體表面，以產生永久壓痕，所產生的壓力稱為硬度。布氏試驗采用球形壓頭；維氏硬度測試是一個方形金字塔。壓痕硬度H與單軸屈服應力Y之間的關系約為H=（2.5~3.0）Y。最初硬度以kg/mm2為單位，但現在通常在Pa.2中給出。劃痕和銼刀硬度測試要么與一種材料能夠標記另一種材料（礦物的莫氏硬度標度）有關，要么與剛性壓頭在表面上滑動產生的凹槽大小有關。3.回彈硬度涉及掉落壓頭或旋轉臂端部壓頭撞擊表面后的回彈高度。 |
| Typical basis | 典型基礎 |
The typical property value is an average value. No statistical assurance is associated with this basis. 典型的屬性值是平均值。沒有與此基礎相關的統計保證。 |
| Shrink fit | 過盈配合 |
A tight interference fit between two components resulting from heating an outer part and/or cooling an inner part to allow easy assembly. The outer component contracts on cooling, while the inner part expands on warming to ambient temperature, thus gripping the two parts together. 由于加熱外部部件和/或冷卻內部部件而導致的兩個部件之間的緊密過盈配合，以便于組裝。外部部件在冷卻時收縮，而內部部件在加熱到環境溫度時膨脹，從而將兩個部件夾在一起。 |
| Eccentric load | 偏心載荷 |
The external load on a fastener or groups of fasteners is said to be eccentric if the resultant of that load does not pass through the centroid of the group of fasteners (eccentric shear load ) or does not coincide with the bolt axis (eccentric tensile load ). 如果一個或多個緊固件上的外部載荷的合力未穿過緊固件組的質心（偏心剪切載荷）或與螺栓軸不重合（偏心拉伸載荷），則稱該外部載荷為偏心。 |
| Vickers hardness test | 維氏硬度測試 |
An indentation hardness test employing a 136° diamond pyramid indenter (Vickers) and variable loads, enabling the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness—from very soft lead to tungsten carbide. Also know as diamond pyramid hardness test. 采用136°金剛石棱錐壓頭（維氏硬度計）和可變載荷的壓痕硬度測試，能夠對從極軟鉛到碳化鎢的所有硬度范圍使用一個硬度標度。也稱為鉆石金字塔硬度測試。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達 |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質上是一個齒輪泵反向運行，其中供應到外殼一側的高壓流體導致齒輪旋轉。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力極限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應力循環的最大應力。還應說明最大應力值和應力比。完全逆轉的應力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構件在循環疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應力為零。 |
| Kelvin (K) | 開爾文（K） |
The SI unit of temperature. The Kelvin temperature scale has a zero point at absolute zero and degree intervals (kelvins) the same size as degrees Celsius. The freezing point of water occurs at 273K (0oC) and the boiling point at 373 K (100oC). The base unit of thermodynamic temperature in the SI system. It was previously defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. From 20 May 2019 it has been defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10?23?when expressed in the unit J/K, which is equal to kg.m2/(s2K). 國際單位制中熱力學溫度的基本單位。開爾文溫度標度在絕對零度和與攝氏度大小相同的度間隔（開爾文）處有一個零點。水的冰點為273K（0oC），沸點為373K（100oC）。它先前被定義為水三相點熱力學溫度的分數1/273.16。從2019年5月20日起，通過將玻爾茲曼常數kB的固定數值取為1.380649×10來定義?當以等于kg·m2/（s2K）的單位J/K表示時。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風扇式、往復式或旋轉式設計。 |
| Oxygen probe | 定氧測頭 |
An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace or furnace supply atmosphere and the external air. 一種大氣監測裝置，以電子方式測量熔爐或熔爐供應大氣中的氧分壓與外部空氣之間的差值。 |
| Centrifugal force (Unit N) | 離心力（單位N） |
The inertial reaction force to the centripetal force. It is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. 慣性反作用力對向心力。它的大小相等，但方向相反。 |
| Thread run-out | 螺紋耗盡 |
That portion of the threads which are not cut or rolled full depth, but which provide the transition between full-depth threads and the body or head. Officially called thread washout or vanish, although the term run-out is more popular. (Run-out is officially reserved for rotational eccentricity, as defined by total indicator readings or the like.) 未全深度切割或軋制的螺紋部分，但提供全深度螺紋與主體或頭部之間的過渡。官方稱之為螺紋沖蝕或消失，但術語“耗盡”更為流行。（跳動是官方為旋轉偏心度保留的，由總指示器讀數等定義。） |
| International System of Units | 國際單位制 |
(SI system of units, Le Système international d’unités) The standard system of units now used almost universally in science and engineering except in the United States. The definitive reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. There are seven base units: metre (symbol m) for length; kilogram (kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred.(kg) for mass; mole (mol) for amount of substance; second (s) for time; kelvin (K) for temperature; ampere (A) for electric current; and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. New SI unit definitions, based upon the values of the universal constants of nature (also termed the fundamental physical constants: the Avogadro constant, the Boltzmann constant, and the Planck constant), came into effect on 20 May 2019. Minor adjustments were also made to the values of these constants. In addition to the base units, there are 22 coherent derived units, including radian (rad) for plane angle, steradian (sr) for solid angle, hertz (Hz) for frequency, newton (N) for force, pascal (Pa) for pressure, joule (J) for energy, work, and amount of heat, and watt (W) for power and radiant flux.? Recommended practice is to avoid combinations such as N/mm2, MN/m2 being preferred. （國際單位制，Le Système international d\\\'unités）目前美國除外，在科學和工程中幾乎是普遍使用的標準單位制。SI的最終參考是國際度量衡局出版的小冊子，通常稱為BIPM SI小冊子。有七個基本單位：米（符號m）表示長度；質量為千克（kg）；物質量的摩爾（mol）；時間為秒；開爾文（K）表示溫度；電流為安培（A）；而坎德拉（cd）表示發光強度。新的國際單位制定義于2019年5月20日生效，該定義基于自然界的普遍常數（也稱為基本物理常數：阿伏伽德羅常數、玻爾茲曼常數和普朗克常數）。這些常數的值也進行了少量調整。除了基本單位外，還有22個相干導出單位，包括平面角的弧度（rad）、立體角的斯特拉迪安（sr）、頻率的赫茲（Hz）、力的牛頓（N）、壓力的帕斯卡（Pa）、能量、功和熱量的焦耳（J）以及功率和輻射通量的瓦特（W）。建議的做法是避免N/mm2、MN/m2等組合。 |
| Autonomous energy system | 自主能源系統 |
(stand-alone energy system) A sole source of electricity, usually small-scale, for applications remote from a grid, especially with energy storage in the system. Hydroelectric, photovoltaic, wind-power and other renewable systems are well suited to stand-alone applications. （獨立能源系統）一種唯一的電力來源，通常是小規模的，用于遠離電網的應用，尤其是系統中的能量存儲。水電、光伏、風力和其他可再生能源系統非常適合獨立應用。 |
| Chain | 鏈 |
A series of connected links, typically of steel. For lifting, pulling, securing, etc., each link is a closed loop, often in the form of a ring. For power transmission, the links are designed to mesh with the teeth of a sprocket wheel. In contrast to belt drives, chain drives tend to be employed in high-torque applications. 一系列連接的鏈接，通常是鋼制的。對于提升、拉動、固定等，每個鏈節都是一個閉合環，通常呈環形。對于動力傳輸，鏈節設計為與鏈輪的齒嚙合。與皮帶傳動相比，鏈傳動往往用于高扭矩應用。 |
| Sliding-vane compressor | 滑片壓縮機 |
(rotary-vane compressor, vane compressor) A rotary compressor in which gas is compressed as the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor reduce as the rotor revolves within a cylindrical housing. （旋轉葉片壓縮機，葉片壓縮機）一種旋轉式壓縮機，當轉子在圓柱形外殼內旋轉時，偏置轉子中的彈簧加載滑動葉片之間的空間減小，從而壓縮氣體。 |
| Wallner lines | Wallner線 |
A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines, usually producing a set of V-shaped lines, sometimes observed when viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations. 一組相交的平行線的獨特圖案，通常產生一組V形線，有時在電子顯微鏡下高倍觀察脆性斷裂表面時觀察到。Wallner線歸因于高速傳播的沖擊波和脆性裂紋前沿之間的相互作用。有時Wallner線被誤解為疲勞條紋。 |
| Critical temperature | 臨界溫度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果壓力恒定，則與臨界點同義。（2） 高于該溫度時，氣相不能通過壓力升高而冷凝為液體。 |
| Cooling curve | 冷卻曲線 |
A curve showing the relation between time and temperature during the cooling of a material. 顯示材料冷卻過程中時間和溫度之間關系的曲線。 |
| Set pressure (Unit Pa) | 設定壓力（單位Pa） |
The pressure at which a relief valve or safety valve is set to open, corresponding to the relevant code or standard which applies to the pressure vessel being protected. 安全閥或安全閥開啟時的壓力，對應于適用于受保護壓力容器的相關規范或標準。 |
| Stretch-bending test | 拉伸彎曲試驗 |
A simulative test for sheet metal formability in which a strip of sheet metal is clamped at its ends in lock beads and deformed in the center by a punch. Test conditions are chosen so that fracture occurs in the region of punch contact. 金屬板成形性的模擬試驗，其中金屬板條在其端部夾緊在鎖珠中，并通過沖頭在中心變形。選擇試驗條件，以便在沖頭接觸區域發生斷裂。 |
| Cementite | 滲碳體 |
A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. 碳化鐵一種鐵和碳的化合物，化學上稱為碳化鐵，化學式近似為Fe3C。其特征在于正交晶體結構。當它在鋼中以相形式出現時，錳和其他碳化物形成元素的存在將改變其化學成分。 |
| Clip gauge | 夾規 |
A displacement gauge consisting of two thin strain-gauged cantilever arms attached through knife edges to a testpiece to give the load–line displacement in fracture mechanics test pieces, or used as an extensometer in tensile tests. 一種位移計，由兩個通過刀刃連接到試件上的薄應變測量懸臂組成，以提供斷裂力學試件中的載荷線位移，或用作拉伸試驗中的引伸計。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趨勢。 |
| Total energy (Unit J) | 總能量（單位J） |
The sum of all forms of energy associated with a system, including kinetic, potential, internal, magnetic, chemical, and electrical energy. 與系統相關的所有形式能量的總和，包括動能、勢能、內能、磁能、化學能和電能。 |
| Standard | 標準 |
(standard specification) A set of specifications for components, machines, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. In the UK, standards issued by the British Standards Institution (BSI) are now generally those of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). （標準規范）為實現一致性、效率和特定質量而制定的一套組件、機器、材料或工藝規范。在英國，英國標準協會（BSI）發布的標準現在基本上是國際標準化組織（ISO）的標準。 |
| Malleable cast iron | 可鍛鑄鐵 |
A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white cast iron in which decarburization or graphitization, or both, take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface, hence, “whiteheart malleable;” otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark, hence, “blackheart malleable.” Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlitic, spheroidite or tempered martensite depending on heat treatment and desired hardness. 白口鑄鐵一種通過長時間退火制成的鑄鐵，脫碳，石墨化，或兩者都發生，以消除部分或全部滲碳體。石墨是回火碳的形式。如果脫碳是主要反應，產品將呈現出較輕的斷裂表面，“白心可鍛”。否則，斷裂表面將變暗，“黑心可鍛”。鐵素體可鍛性材料主要為鐵素體基體；根據熱處理和所需硬度，珠光體可鍛材料可能包含珠光體、球狀體或回火馬氏體。 |
| Selective quenching | 局部淬火 |
Quenching only certain portions of an object. 僅淬火工件的某些部分。 |
| Elastic interactions | 彈性相互作用 |
When a bolt is tightened it partially compresses the joint members ‘‘in its own neighborhood.’’ When nearby bolts are tightened later, they further compress the joint in this region. This allows the first bolt to relax a little (lose a little preload). Tightening bolts on the opposite side of the joint, however, might increase preload in some of the earlier bolts tightened on the near side. These shifts and changes in the elastic energy stored in individual bolts, during assembly, are called elastic interactions. 當螺栓擰緊時，它會“在其自身附近”部分壓縮接頭構件稍后擰緊附近的螺栓時，進一步壓縮該區域的接頭。這允許第一個螺栓稍微松弛（失去一點預載）。但擰緊接頭另一側的螺栓可能會增加早期在近側擰緊的一些螺栓的預載。在裝配過程中，儲存在單個螺栓中的彈性能量的這些位移和變化稱為彈性相互作用。 |
| Screw | 螺釘 |
Threaded fastener designed to be used in a tapped or untapped (e.g., wood screw) hole, but not with a nut. A fastener with a screw thread cut or rolled into its cylindrical or conical shank, intended either to cut its own thread (as in a wood screw) or engage in a threaded hole. A self-tapping screw (sheet-metal screw, tapping screw) has a sufficiently hard thread that it cuts an internal thread in thin sheet or a component made of soft material when driven into a hole in the sheet or component. The screw head is the part of a screw used to apply torque to the screw. Common screw-head designs are circular in cross section with a diametral slot or cross, or hexagonal and recessed with a cross or hexagon. A screw thread is one or more continuous helical grooves of uniform section along either the exterior surface (male thread) or the interior surface (female thread) of a cylindrical or conical body. The three-dimensional shape that results when the thread cross section is rotated and axially advanced along an axis is called a helicoid, the angle that the thread makes when projected on to the axis being called the angle of inclination. Threads are employed in fasteners such as bolts, nuts, and screws; location and measuring instruments; in power drives; in some electrical fittings (Edison thread); and on the ends of crankshafts to suppress oil leakage (thrower thread). Parallel threads are formed on cylinders; tapered threads on cones, typically with a taper rate of 1:16. A screw with a righthanded thread appears to move away from the observer when turned clockwise. All standard screws, bolts and nuts have right-hand threads, but left-handed threads are sometimes employed. The axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is called the screw pitch or screw rate and, for a single continuous helical groove (a single-start thread), is the same as the change in axial distance (the lead) between a nut and the head of a bolt during one revolution, the number of thread forms per mm then being the reciprocal of the pitch. For the same screw diameter, coarse threads have fewer threads per mm than fine threads. A multiple-start screw thread (usually coarse, see later) consists of two or more identical threads running simultaneously along its axis so as to provide greater bearing area and greater velocity ratio. The starts are separated by 180° (double start), 120° (triple start), 90° (quadruple start) etc., depending upon the number of threads. Thus, in double-start threads, the lead is twice the pitch; and so on. The axial distance between corresponding points on two adjacent threads in a multiple start thread is called the divided pitch. The position on a screw thread where there is equal distance between the flanks on the solid part of the thread and in the space between the threads is the pitch point, the associated diameter of which is termed the pitch diameter. The basic nomenclature for threads, some of which is common with that for toothed gearing, is shown in the diagrams. A helix formed or cut on a cylindrical surface which may advance along the axis to the right or left. The helix may be single or multiple. 一種螺紋緊固件，設計用于攻絲或未攻絲（如木螺釘）孔，但不與螺母配合使用。其螺紋被切割或卷成圓柱形或錐形柄，用于切割自身螺紋（如木螺釘）或嵌入螺紋孔。自攻螺釘（鈑金螺釘、自攻螺釘）具有足夠硬的螺紋，當打入薄板或部件中的孔時，它會在薄板或軟材料部件中切割內螺紋。螺釘頭是螺釘的一部分，用于向螺釘施加扭矩。常見的螺釘頭設計為橫截面為圓形，帶有直徑槽或十字，或為六邊形，并帶有十字或六邊形凹槽。螺紋是沿圓柱形或錐形體的外表面（外螺紋）或內表面（內螺紋）具有均勻截面的一個或多個連續螺旋槽。當螺紋橫截面旋轉并沿軸軸向前進時產生的三維形狀稱為螺旋面，螺紋投影到軸上時形成的角度稱為傾角。螺紋用于緊固件，如螺栓、螺母和螺釘；定位和測量儀器；在動力驅動中；在一些電氣配件中（愛迪生螺紋）；并安裝在曲軸端部，以抑制漏油（拋擲器螺紋）。在圓柱體上形成平行螺紋；圓錐上的錐形螺紋，通常具有1:16的錐形率。當順時針旋轉時，具有右手螺紋的螺釘似乎會遠離觀察者。所有標準螺釘、螺栓和螺母都有右手螺紋，但有時使用左手螺紋。相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為螺距或螺紋率，對于單個連續螺旋槽（單個起始螺紋），與螺母和螺栓頭之間的軸向間距（導程）在一周內的變化相同，每mm的螺紋形式數為螺距的倒數。對于相同的螺釘直徑，粗螺紋的每毫米螺紋數少于細螺紋。多頭螺紋（通常為粗螺紋，見下文）由兩個或多個沿其軸線同時延伸的相同螺紋組成，以提供更大的承載面積和更大的速比。根據螺紋的數量，起點之間的間隔為180°（雙起點）、120°（三起點）、90°（四起點）等。因此，在雙起始螺紋中，導程是螺距的兩倍；多起點螺紋中兩個相鄰螺紋上對應點之間的軸向距離稱為分割螺距。螺紋上的位置，即螺紋實體部分的側面和螺紋之間的空間之間的距離相等，即節點，其相關直徑稱為節徑。圖中顯示了螺紋的基本術語，其中一些與齒輪傳動的基本術語相同。在圓柱面上形成或切割的螺旋線，可沿軸線向右或向左前進。螺旋可以是單個或多個。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓頭的底面應與螺紋或柄軸完全垂直。例如，如果面和軸之間的角度為868或948，則稱緊固件的角度為48（有時稱為垂直度）。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認為是均勻的條件下生產的一定數量的某些產品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Weld penetration | 焊接熔深 |
It is the depth below the surfaces, as revealed in microstructural sections of joined metals, which is melted during welding. 它是焊接過程中熔化的連接金屬的微觀結構截面所顯示的表面以下的深度。 |
| Left hand screw | 左螺旋 |
One that screws into the mating part or advances when turned to the left or counter clockwise. 旋入配合部分或向左或逆時針旋轉時前進的螺釘。 |
| Thermocouple | 熱電偶 |
A device for measuring temperature, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. 一種測量溫度的裝置，由兩種不同的金屬或合金組成，一端電連接，另一端與電壓測量儀相連。當一個結比另一個結更熱時，產生的熱電動勢大致與熱結和冷結之間的溫差成比例。 |
| Torque arm | 扭力臂 |
A bar fixed at one end used to resist torque applied at the other, for example by an electric drill. 固定在一端的桿，用于抵抗施加在另一端的扭矩，如電鉆。 |
| Blank nitriding | 空白滲氮 |
Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy. 在不引入氮氣的情況下模擬氮化操作。這通常通過使用惰性材料代替氮化劑或通過在鐵合金上施加合適的保護涂層來實現。 |
| Fatigue striations | 疲勞條紋 |
Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope fractographs or fatigue-fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress variation. 在電子顯微鏡斷口圖或疲勞斷口表面中經常觀察到平行線。這些線橫向于局部裂紋擴展方向；連續線之間的距離表示在一個應力變化周期內裂紋前沿的前進。 |
| Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) | 常溫常壓（NTP） |
Reference conditions defined by NIST as 20°C and 1 atm. NIST定義的參考條件為20°C和1atm。 |
| Mechanical units | 機械單位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的單位，其量綱包括質量、長度和時間。 |
| Mechanical energy (Unit J) | 機械能（單位J） |
The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy for an object or a mechanical system, including the energy stored in springs, etc. 物體或機械系統的動能和勢能之和，包括儲存在彈簧等中的能量。 |
| Forge | 鍛造 |
To shape metal while holt and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in process. 通過錘擊或強制過程使金屬成型，同時保持塑料成型。過程會使用模具。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 熱電轉換器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （熱電發生器）由串聯連接的交替的n型和p型半導體元件夾在兩塊陶瓷板之間組成的裝置。由于塞貝克效應，當板之間保持溫差時，就會產生電能。由于珀爾帖效應，熱電轉換器可以通過使電流通過而充當熱電加熱器或熱電冷卻器（熱電制冷機）。熱電優值（Z）和第一單元/K是一個尺寸參數，熱電裝置的效率主要取決于此，由Z=σα2/K定義，其中α是塞貝克系數，σ是電導率，K是熱導率。Z和溫度的乘積是無量綱的。 |
| Decarburization | 脫碳 |
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of a carbon-containing alloy due to reaction with one or more chemical substances in a medium that contacts the surface. 由于與接觸表面的介質中的一種或多種化學物質發生反應，含碳合金表面層的碳損失。 |
| Biaxial stress | 雙軸應力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物體在一個平面內的廣義載荷，沒有垂直于它的載荷。 |
| Deposit gauge | 沉積量計 |
(deposition gauge) An instrument employed in air pollution studies for measuring the amount of pollutant deposited on a given area in a given time under given conditions. （沉降計）在空氣污染研究中使用的儀器，用于測量在給定條件下在給定時間內沉積在給定區域上的污染物量。 |
| Stove bolt | 爐用螺栓 |
This bolt has been so named because of its use in stove building. It is made in a number of different forms, either with a round button, or flat countersunk head, the head having a slot for a screwdriver and the threaded end being provided with a square or hexagon nut. 這種螺栓因其在爐灶建筑中的用途而得名。它有多種不同的形式，有圓形按鈕或平沉頭，頭部有螺絲刀槽，螺紋端有方形或六角螺母。 |
| Torsional shaft vibration | 扭軸振動 |
The rapid back-and-forth angular twisting along a rotating unbalanced shaft which reaches maxima at critical rotation speeds. Shaft eccentricity, unbalanced mass distribution, oscillatory torque, misalignment, etc. all influence torsional vibration. 沿旋轉不平衡軸的快速來回角扭轉，在臨界轉速下達到最大值。軸偏心、質量分布不平衡、振蕩扭矩、未對準等都會影響扭轉振動。 |
| U-bend | U形管 |
U-bend A 180° bend in a pipe. 180°彎曲的管道。 |
| Free machining | 易切削 |
The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted to steel by sulfur, etc. 由于形成小切屑而使加工變得容易的特性，比如硫賦予鋼的特性，等等。 |
| Clutch | 離合器 |
A device for connecting and disconnecting rotating shafts, for example between an engine and a gearbox. 一種用于連接和斷開旋轉軸的裝置，例如在發動機和變速箱之間。 |
| Alloy | 合金 |
1. A metallic material composed of two or more elements, one of which is usually a metal to which the other elements are added, e.g. iron-carbon or aluminium-copper (binary alloy); nickel-chromium-iron (ternary alloy). 2. A plastic produced as a blend of two or more immiscible polymers. This results in material that cannot be achieved by polymerization. 1.由兩種或多種元素組成的金屬材料，其中一種通常是添加了其他元素的金屬，例如鐵碳或鋁銅（二元合金）；鎳鉻鐵（三元合金）。2.由兩種或多種不混溶聚合物混合而成的塑料。這導致無法通過聚合獲得的材料。 |
| Water-jet cutting | 水射流切割 |
Cutting of materials such as rock by means of a high-speed jet of water containing abrasive particles. 通過含有磨料顆粒的高速水射流切割巖石等材料。 |
| Hot hardness | 熱硬度 |
?The hardness of materials at high temperatures, often used to rank the performance of cutting tools. 材料在高溫下的硬度，常用來對刀具的性能進行排名。 |
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